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late 15-16 century
Phil,religon, science |
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| new method, observation and measurement |
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idea of purpose in ancient science
-purpose of evolution explained in terms such as survival of the fittest |
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| contemparary Phil. 20th century |
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| philosophical school that has many manifestations. diff phases in intellectual development in mankind |
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mytho poeic - in human ways of thinking
religious thinking - similarities btwn myth and religion |
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philosiphical metaphyisical
superseded by science- most advanced phase |
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episteme- theoretical knowledge
theroy of knowledge, systematic portion,
(in regard to its methods) |
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| in what way is philosophy interested in knowledge |
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| no philisophical interest - transmission knowledge |
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| what is the primary question of epistemology |
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| NOT what do you know BUT how do you know it |
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how is knowledge obtained in the first place?????
ask professor |
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| by observation, then can be determined and transmitted |
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| what is a better way to attain knowledge than previously mentioned |
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| sense perception/sense expierence |
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| includes all of our senses also instruments bc they are extensions of our senses. understand in enriched and basic sense. any kind of knowledge based on sense p counts on being acquired by means of sense perception |
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| how do we know- indicate sources of knowledge |
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| sense perception, scientific method, observation |
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| exclaimed method of science as empirical: claim only source of knowledge is sense perception |
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| do not confuse stag you are taught used to describe language with what you experience (language is about) |
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ex) chalk- s/o doesn't speak english can see the color but can't answer you when you ask they don;t understand.
arms- taught what word is, you see the arms- sense experience |
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| understanding philosophy is |
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ancient Phil:
-earliest phil.
-beg. of natural science
-natural occurrences explained naturally
-discursive- thinking normally, not being imaginative
-mythopoeic made of thought- myths
-later version of mythology
-oral |
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classical greek philosophers
socrates period |
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-concerned with human affairs not nature
-morality
-beg. of humanities
-plato: pupil of socrates, Aristotle: pupil of pluto
-dialogue: convo btw people who rep. diff views |
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socrates
" an unexamined life is not worth living " |
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| didn't write anything himself, went around discussing phil. matters, plato wrote dialogues about socrates, S put on trial for not believing in gods, corrupting the young, |
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defends way of life
will not give up phil, free thinking even if he died
socrates sentenced to death
pupils tried to convince him to leave jail, denied
was a moral person did not want laws to be broken |
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| the clouds (comedian play) |
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Hellenistic and Antiquity era
greek |
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expansion initiated by alexander the great
the homeric problem/question |
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the socratic problem
ancient phil- pagan: don't believe in one god- multiple gods
monothesim- abraham gods- one god |
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phil + religon
revealed religion important
church: center of learning
like monotheism, god reveals thing to people |
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rebirth of ancient civilization ( greeks and romans)
rise of modern science (has a specific method)
elements of observation, experiment
three elements: phil, religion, science |
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16-17 century
interplay of phil, religion, science |
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| notions of part and whole |
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a whole is contributed by its parts
a part can be removed from a whole
ex) is the color a part of the board? no b/c u can't take it off. chair has legs which is part u can remove it. |
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| color of a chalk board is a |
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property or quality
its an object/thing/substance in regard to its property |
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noun: names a person, thing or idea-whole
adj- describes-property |
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| you would say its impossible to take color off the board. how do u know its impossible |
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THE CONCEPT of color
you recognize it rationally |
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| metaphyisical distinction |
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| a substance/object can exist by itself |
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| charisteristic or property HAS TO BE |
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| attached to a thing, it cannot be by itself |
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considerations of logic
mathematics
(hard for empiricists to explain) |
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| approach to epistemology: RATIONALISM |
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| the position that only recognizes sense experience as a source of knowledge but also recognizes REASON as a source of knowledge |
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opposed to both empiricism and rationalism
what ever sources of knowledge are indicated are not reliable to the attainment of true knowledge. they attack the reliability of the sources of knowledge. no true knowledge can be attained by their means. if not reliable source- claim cannot be made |
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| distinction btwn what is physical and what belongs to consciousness |
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Inner/ outer
ex) sleeping pill |
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inner- conciousness/mind
outer/external - physical
ex) toothache - consciousness
to know if someone is sad- you can't got to ask them |
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| Nagel discussion in epistemology |
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| considers claim: what we really know is inner belongs to our consciousness. epistemological difficulties arise |
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if all you really know is inner than how do you know anything is out there
deny external world exists |
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| skepticism difficulty to nagels claim |
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| all we really know is in our mind. we can never know we we know in our mind corresponds with what is outside. |
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apperence/reality
inner/ outer |
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| moon - looks small to us, big in reality |
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| examples of sense perception |
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| claim on reality / appearance |
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| sense perception/experience does not give us how reality is, it gives us appearance of inner mind or consciousness |
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| solipsism (nagel chap. 2) |
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| all that we know belongs to conciseness or mind. there is no external world. e/t we really now and have access to is in the mind. if this is the case solipsis would deny that external world exists. |
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| sense impression/ sense datum/ sense data |
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| there are no new discoveries in phil. we just look at things in a diff way |
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| small/big etc. - ALL RELATIVE- we relate it to other things |
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if solipsis says to you " how do u know external world exists"
what can u say |
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| can't say bc other people exist bc they are part of external world. thats a circle. |
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| on basis of this q. nagel says: |
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| makes statement on basis of it we can question e/t external to the mind, if u accept his conclusion great if you don't, you have to give reasons to show whats wrong with what nagel is saying |
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| if you say new knowledge is new evidence |
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| angel says that is a circle b/c you can only say that if sense perception is reliable |
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| memorize structure of nagels discussion |
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can't use cause on basis of effect
nothing is by nature a cause or an effect. position in a sequence. effect could be cause of stmg. else.
cause could be effect of further cause |
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| why would science answering phil. questions result in a circular experience |
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| based on sense experience or observation it presupposes or assumes the truth of phil. on sense experience. thats why it will be circular experience. (14 nagel) |
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| encyclopedia - doesn't care about who knows it |
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How is knowledge attained in the first place
ASK PROFESSOR |
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| through sense perception??? |
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| How is knowledge transmitted |
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through sense experience
common knowledge is also sense experience |
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| empiricism is the conception that |
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knowledge is attained through sense perception and that is the only way
-topic in epistemology |
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is also method of attaining knowledge through reasoning
ex) numbers
-topic in epistemology |
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hard to explain through sense experience
concepts that u apply such as the voice.... |
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| rational ideas are innate ideas ???? |
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| ideas we are born with and we apply them into our lives. they are not based on sense experience |
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| there is no such thing as true knowledge bc skepticism is opposing both epmiricism and rationalism |
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| notions we recognize and understand pg. 15 Nagel - conceptual and linguistic notions |
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correlative notions/ correlative concepts
inner/outer |
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can only understand them in contrast with each other
YOU CANT START WITH INNER AND DENY WHAT IS EXTERNAL RESULT WOULD BE MEANINGLESS |
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stmg you can't build anything upon
ex) whats heavier blue or red? meaningless
claim to have imaginary friends- can't prove u have and none can prove u don't- claim cannot be verified= meaningless verification |
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| how does the world look to you now? |
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| looks the same. we will still have same experience no matter what whether skeptic is right or wrong= meaningless |
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| wrote poetry, mathematician- his poems are connected to meaningless |
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| Nagel ends with concluding remarks about skepticism |
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| if u look at argument of skeptic- you can't prove them wrong, but we have a natural and instinctive belief in the reality of our expierence. just go on with our lives as normal and hope skepticism is wrong. cognitive |
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| read in blackburn: pages 15-28 |
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read in Nagel pages 1- 18
chap 1 and 2 |
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| when reading for the midterm |
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-questions raised
-conception proposed (answers)
-reasoning or argument given in support of same conception or another
-what reasoning is given by way of criticism
-term, concept, notion- understand and define |
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