Euphemism: 

A neutral or positive expression instead of one that carries a negative association.

Example: Instead of rebels or guerillas they are referred to as "freedom fighters".

"Revenue enhancement " instead of tax hike

Dysphemisms:

Used to produce a negative effect.

Stereotype: 

A thought or an image about a group of people based on little or no evidence.

Innuendo:

A way to insinuate something deprecatory about something or someone without saying it.  “Ladies and Gentlemen, I am proof that there is at least one candidate in this race who does not have a drinking problem.”

Man to female greengrocer "Can I just feel your melons?" . What did he mean? Did he want to feel the fruit on sale to check it or maybe something else...?

Loaded Question:

A form of innuendo. Unwarranted and unjustified assumption.  “Have you stopped beating your wife?”  “Have you always loved to gamble?”

Weaselers: 

Hedging a bet.  “Three out of four dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum.”

Downplayers:

An attempt to make someone or something look less important or significant.  Stereotypes, rhetorical comparisons, rhetorical explanations, and innuendos can all be used to downplay something.  

“John “Borrowed” Hank’s umbrella, and Hank hasn’t seen it since.”

"Don't mind what Mr. Pierce says in class, he's just another liberal."

Examples of words used in downplay: "mere", "merely", "so-called" or "nevertheless", "however", "still", "but".

Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm: 

Use or ridicule.  Making fun of someone’s misfortune to build your self up. Sarcasm, Cutting Flesh.

Hyperbole:

An extravagant overstatement.  Pure persuasion in nature.  “Greatest show on Earth.”

"Oscar Peterson is the most inventive pianist ever"

Dysphemisms often involve hyperbole.

Proof Surrogates:

 There is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing such evidence or authority.  We cannot prove the claim to be correct but we can hint that there is proof available. Proof surrogates are just that -- surrogates. They are not real proof or evidence.

“Every reason to believe”  “America wants change”  “Americans want government provided health care”  “Americans hold national security as their top priority”. "Everybody Knows", "Studies Show"

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Argument from Outrage:

“Argument”, inflammatory words (or thoughts) followed by a “conclusion” of some sort.  It substitutes anger for reason and judgment in considering an issue.  In regards to the opponents of gay marriage;  “Narrow minded fundamentalists bigots dictating what people can do in their bedrooms.”

Apple Polishing:

Playing on, or Appealing to, a person’s vanity.

Scare Tactics:

Trying to scare people into doing something or accepting a position.  Can be done by dangling a frightening picture in front of someone/people.

Rationalizing:

This is a false pretense to satisfy our desires.  “This saw is not cheap.  But you are going to be glad we have it because it will keep me out of the house and in the garage.  I will be out of your way when you are working in the house.

Subjectivism: 

Each person’s viewpoint is as good as another person’s viewpoint.

Red Herring/Smokescreen: 

Red Herring distracts by pulling one’s attention away from one topic and to another topic.  Sokescreens tend to pile issues on or to make them extremely complicated until the original is lost in the verbal “smoke.”

Believability gained through many different ways.

The quality, capability, or power to elicit belief:

Paralipsis or Significant mention

To call attention to something by specifically saying that you will not mention it.

Common phrases in paralipsis include the following: I need not mention …; It goes without saying …; I don’t mean to suggest …; I don’t have to remind you that …; to say nothing of …; etc.

Interested party

A person who stands to gain from our belief in a claim

Is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.

Examples: You must have graded my exam incorrectly. I studied very hard for weeks specifically because I knew my career depended on getting a good grade. If you give me a failing grade I'm ruined!"

• "Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, look at this miserable man, in a wheelchair, unable to use his legs. Could such a man really be guilty of embezzlement?"

Substituting pride of membership in  a group for a reason and deliberation in arriving at a position on an issue.

ie, Nationalism

 Consists in trying to justify or defend an action or practice on the grounds that it is common.

"I shouldnt get a ticket because everyone else drives over the speed limit"