premises support conclusion, but some irrelevant is thrown in there.

example:

1)If terrorism cannot be stopped without torture then I'm a monkey's uncle.

2)I'm not a monkey's uncle.

3)therefore, Terrorism cannot be stopped w/o torture.

Appeal to:

1)popular

2)tradtion

3)emotion

1) popular: opinionated - life on other planets b/e people believe so

2) tradition: 1) break off larger portion of wishbone

2) Therefore, wish is granted

3) emotion: drinking is bad for health - dad dies of drinking

- when permises are intrepreted but don't make sense

Steps

1) Distinguish possible meanings

2) Restate argument with abigous words that have same definition

3) Evaluate argument (almost always a false premise(s))

2 types

1) semantic: individual terms

2) syntactic: sentences

-Arguments directed against the person making a claim

3 types

1) Deniers: reject what is said

2) silencers: question speakers right to make a claim

3) dismissers: say speaker is untrustworthy or unraliable

Borderline cases: Not bald ←∞→ Bald

                              ↑

                                 bad/grey area

God causation> species creation no relation except by All-PKG

1) Motion

2) Causation

Probles with motion:

1) Invalid

2) God doesn't have to be first mover

3) could be multiple beginnings to cause/effect chain

Logos

Valid            Non-Valid

                              - induction

                      - IBE

                               - Analogies

God is greatest possible being.

(Gaunillo's object: island)

O₁: Rock

O₂: Watch

O₃: Self-Repication Watch

O₄: Living organisms

Up the complexity, greater chance of God existing

H₁: Random Facts
H₂: Creator (complexity)

H₂>H₁

Evolutionism

1) Tree of Life: all organisms related by common ancestry

2) Natural Selection: survival of the fittest (how we "split off")

3 Types

1) Theistic: God→Laws+Mechanisms→species

2)Atheistic: GOD Laws+Mechanisms→species

3)Agnostic: ?God? →Laws+Mechanisms→species

1) often convenient and informative

example:(vague)

there are about 20 people at the party

(clear)

there are between 10 and 20 people at the party

R=Rich

1) Someone with only one cent is ~R

2) For any #n, if someone with only n cents is ~R, then someone with n₊₁ cents is ~R

3) therefore, someone with any # of cents is ~R

1) conceptual - non-life l-----l-----l-----l-----l life

Small incremental steps that aren't significantly

different.

2) fairness

      ex) grading system

               pass with 60% but fail with a 59%? Fair?

3) casual

      ex) 1) if we don't go into Vietnam, then communism would spread

           2) Communism is bad

           3) We should go into Vietnam

Bayes Therom

In a certain school, the probability that a student reads the assigned pages before a lecture is 80%(.8).  If a student does the assigned reading in advance, then the probability that the student will understand the lecture is 90%(.9).  If a student does not do the assigned reading in advance, then the probability that the student will undestand the lecture is 10%(.1).  WHat is the probability that a student did the reading in advance, given that she did understand the lecture?

R= Read= 80% understand=90% ~U=10%

~R= not read= 20%     U=10%   ~U=90%

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