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| Empirical, set of claims, faith based, assumes anything, yes arguments, thought experiments, and conceptual analysis |
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| The Study of reality or existence (i.e. first things, "what is") |
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| Socrates, Plato, Aristotle |
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| Descartes, Spinoza, Nietzche |
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| Soul has three parts. Rational should rule spirited and appetitive. |
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| Belief in two entities; the non-physical mind and the physical body. (Made popular by Descartes). |
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| The Mind/Body interaction. How do the two entities interact? |
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| Identity/Reductive Materialism |
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| The Mental reduced to physical. |
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| Emotions and beliefs don't exist |
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| The effect of beliefs and emotions |
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| All events by antecedent causes in accordance with nature. |
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| God predetermines future through his divine foreknowledge. |
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| Incompatibilism (Hard Determinism) |
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| Accepts determinism and rejects free will. |
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| Compatibilism (Soft Determinism) |
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| Accepts determinism and free will |
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| Rejects determinism and accepts free will. |
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| Motion goes from potentiality to actuality (Aquinas). |
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| None greater than God can be thought (Anselm). |
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| Teleological Argument (Design Argument) |
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| Process of natural selection. |
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| Contradiction between God's omnipotent, God's goodness, but evil exists. |
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| Reconciling God's existence with evil and suffering. |
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| Evil is the absence of God. |
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| Evil brings greater good. Principle of Sufficient Reason. |
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| Evil prepares us to be better person. Without evil there is no morality. |
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| Evil is a product of Human Choice |
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| 2 Choices. You either believe God, which brings infinite benefits, or you disbelieve god, which has infinite costs. |
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| Some Knowledge of world is justified (a priori) by reasons. |
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| All knowledge of the world is attained (a posteriori) through sensory perception. |
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| Claim of no Knowledge or certain types of knowledge |
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| Thought experiments challenging no skeptic. |
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| Rationalist. "I think therefore I am." |
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| cannot doubt your existence. The less you doubt something, the more certain you can be of it. |
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| Method of Hyperbolic Doubt |
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| Doubt all you can, not defending skepticism but attaining indubitable beliefs. |
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| Acquire knowledge through recollection. Innate knowledge. |
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| Unchanging. Perfect Universals. |
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| Changing. Imperfect Particulars. |
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| Measurable properties independent of perception. Mass, Shape, size |
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| Relation of ideas. Idea Statements. |
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| Impossible, inconceivable, contradictory. |
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| Matters of Fact, word statements. |
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| Factual and empirical statements |
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| NonFactual and Ration Statements |
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| There is mind independent of moral standards. |
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| Right/Wrong depends on culture's morals. |
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| Rachel's Cultural Differences Argument |
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| Against Cultural Ethical. |
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| Moral progress called into doubt. |
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| Virtue Ethics. Everything has a telos-man's function |
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| Viture is between excess and deficiency (moderation) |
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| Right action will bring best consequences (ethical egoism and utilitarianism). |
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| Best consequence for yourself. |
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| Bentham's Utility Calculus |
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| Mills Greatest Happiness Principle |
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| Do whatever brings great happiness for everyone |
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| Only Pleasure is intrinsically valuable. |
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| Follow rules that maximize happiness for self. |
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| Follow rules that will bring good consequences for society. |
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| Morality Depends on God (Augustine, Aquinas) Non-Consequentialist Theory. |
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| Too many conflicting Scriptures & Cherry Picking |
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| Morality hard wired in humans (Aquinas) |
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| Action has moral worth if in accord with duty and correct motive. |
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| Act as if your actions were universal laws |
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| Treat people as ends not means |
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| Subjective Principle of Action |
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