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| Conditions for Definitions |
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Definition
1. Should not confuse x with instances of x
2. Should be in terms clearer than the word
3. Should not include superfluous material
4. Should not be circular
5. Necessary and Sufficient |
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| If x is a condition for y, then y's occurrence must require x's occurrence |
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| If x is a condition for y, then x's occurrence must require y's occurrence |
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| Entities that are discrete things that occupy a specific region of space at a given time (things) |
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| entities that can be exemplified by several spatially and temporally discontinuous particulars |
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| No universals, only particulars |
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| There are only universals |
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1. abstract
2. unchangeable
3. eternal
4. not known through senses
5. only through intellect
6. causes of being
7. perfect |
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| concern with abstract objects, only accessible through intellect |
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There is no point in searching for answers. If you know something, then why search, if you don't know, then you don't know what to search for.
Inquiry is unnecessary or impossible |
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Term
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Study of knowledge
deals with propositional knowledge, involving claims indicated whether or not the case |
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| Proposition to count as knowledge |
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1. person must believe the proposition
2. proposition must be true
3. person must have justification for why they believe it |
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| Empirical Knowledge (A Posteriori) |
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| knowledge justified by the appeal or experience |
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| Non-Empirical Knowledge (A Priori) |
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| Knowledge that is not justified by appeal or experience |
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| All knowledge depends upon experience. All knowledge is empirical, John locke |
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Some knowledge is based upon experience. There is a priori knowledge
Radical Rationalism- all apriori |
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Form of rationalism that say that a priori knowledge is innate, innate from god or from evolution
Born with capacity for reasoning independent of experience |
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Term
| Tension, Credulity, Skepticism |
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Definition
Credulity: believe things readily so we don't miss the truth
Skepticism: to withhold belief about things, to avoid believing in falsehood |
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| Naive if too credulous, Paranoid of too skeptic |
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| Local Epistemic Skepticism |
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| Skepticism of certain types of knowledge: no knowledge of abstract, of moral truths. |
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| Global Epistemic Skepticism |
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Definition
| Skepticism of most knowledge |
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Definition
Response to skepticism, We must find basic foundational truths that cannot be doubted by skeptics, then from there, we can derive more knowledge
all knowledge rests on foundation of basic knowledge |
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Term
| Basic knowledge vs derived knowledge |
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| Basic: not derived from other knowledge, Derived: derived from basic knowledge |
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| Descarte Meditation 1: How can we determine which knowledge is fundamental |
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Definition
Demolish everything and start again from foundations.
Radical Doubt: if we have any doubts, we should not assent it |
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| Methodological Skepticism (Cartesian) |
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| Process of doubting one's belief in order to determine which can be known for certainty. |
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| Might be deceived by my senses, illusions, IF i am sometimes deceived, I can't have complete certainty of a posteriori beliefs, so they can't be foundational. |
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But senses usually are right.
What if I am dreaming, then I can doubt all a posteriori beliefs, they can't be foundational. |
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We can still have forms, that are real,
ALl powerful evil demon is deceiving me
Thus even a priori beliefs cannot be foundational |
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I think, therefore I am, impossible to conceive that when one is thinking, nothing exists
Doesn't matter I am being deceived or not.
1. only in first person
2. does not work other way around
3. only in thinking actions
What am i? I am one who thinks |
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| Mind and body are distinct |
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Clearness and distinctiveness
Clear- we can't help but to notice it
Distinct- can't be confused with something else |
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| He can be certain of his thoughts of things exists even if he can't be certain they actually exist |
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| Epistemic Optimism vs Epistemic Pessimism |
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Optimism: when I am directly to an idea that i perceive as clear and distinct, i cannot help but to be certain of it
Pessimism: When i am not directly attending to it, ideas that are clear and distinct, i begin to become skeptical |
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Faith: Justification of divine truths by appealing to non-demonstratable reasons
Reason: Justifications of divine truths by appealing to demonstrable reasons |
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| Incompatibility of Faith and Reason |
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Definition
F &R concern the same things, and issue conflicting answers
Faith says miracles, reason says no, can't be compatible |
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F&R concern different objects, thus do not have conflicting answers
faith are spiritual truths, reason are empirical truths |
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| F&R concern same objects regarded in different ways, so usually do not create conflicting answers, compliment each other |
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F&R concern with similar objects, but do not conflict
can know religious truths by faith or reason along |
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| Incompatibility who believes faith is more important than reason. |
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| Reason over faith, incompatibility |
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Augustine: rational inquiry can deepen our understanding of truths accepted by faith
Aquinas: Truths acquired by faith w/o reason or other way around are incomplete |
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God's existence can be inferred from the concept of God
A priori basis |
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God's existence can be inferred from the causes of things
a posteriori
God is the reason for the existence of the universe |
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God's existence can be inferred from the design of things
a posteriori |
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Natural Evil: earthquakes, hurricanes
Moral: bad things that occur via human will |
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| The claim that the existence of evil disproves the existence of God |
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| Logical Vs Evidential Version |
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Logical: existence of evil logical disproves the existence of God
Evidential: evil makes strong evidence against God |
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| Direct Defense Vs Theodicy |
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reconcile by denying there is any logical inconsistency between the two
Theodicy: Moral justificati on for the existence of evil |
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