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| Use a word/phrase in multiple ways ; argument relies upon 2 different senses of the same word |
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| use hot-button terms instead of information to persuade people |
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| Irrelevance/ Beside the point |
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| Premise doesn't support the conclusion, doesnt have relevance |
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| Criticize a view but your criticism doesn't hold the normal view |
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| Arguments that subtly presuppose the conclusion they are intended to prove |
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| Claiming that a position must be false because we can explain why someone believes 'x' |
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| Assuming something must be the case of an event without sufficient proof |
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| Argument uses someone in higher power, such as Oprah, that is not actually an expert on the relevant topic |
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| Every part must share a feature held by the whole or the whole must share a feature held by each part |
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| Changing the topic by attacking the character of a person, rather than addressing the topic |
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| Argument ONLY lists the pros and cons |
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| Black and White / False Dilemma |
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Definition
| We must either do A or B but A is ridiculous so lets do B |
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| Assumes all members of a group share the features of a few. |
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| Argument relies on a threat rather than persuasion |
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| Belief in God is explained in terms of one's need for a father figure, so it's false. |
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| Free speech is for the common good, since unrestrained expression of opinion is in the public interest |
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| this is a shocking and stupid proposal. it's author must either be dishonest or an idiot |
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| Aristotle said that heavy objects fall faster than light ones, so it must be true. |
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| Karl Marx was a personal failure who couldn't support his family so his political theory must be wrong |
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| Having one cookie isn't harmful, therefore, having all of these cookies isn't harmful. |
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