Term
| What are two features of the original version of the Hippocratic Oath? |
|
Definition
1. It forbids physicians from performing surgery.
2. It requires physicians to be loyal to one another. |
|
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Term
| The Cultural Differences Argument for moral skepticism states that: "In some societies, infanticide is thought to be morally acceptable. In other societies, it is thought to be morally odious. Therefore, infanticide is neither morally right or wrong, it's based on opinion. What is the flaw in the argument? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vaughn (Ch. 1) gives a different form of the Cultural Difference Argument stating: "If people's moral judgments differ from culture to culture, moral norms are relative to culture(there are no objective moral standards.) People's moral judgments do differ from culture to culture. Therefore, moral norms are relative to culture. What is the flaw in this argument? |
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Definition
| At least one of its premise is false. |
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Term
| We discussed and criticized two metaethical theories, emotivism (moral judgments express positive or negative feelings) and moral subjectivism ("ethical relativism"). What is a good definition of moral subjectivism? |
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Definition
Moral utterances (such as "stealing is wrong") express genuine propositions but what makes them true and false are people's attitudes, beliefs, and feelings |
|
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Term
| What theory of normative ethics is the "Euthyphro problem" a problem for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is Act Utilitarianism? |
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Definition
| the right action is the one which produces the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of beings. |
|
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Term
| What is Rule Utilitarianism? |
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Definition
| actions are moral when they conform to the rules that lead to the greatest good |
|
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Term
| What does it mean to say an argument is valid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Deborah agrees that, as a general rule, stealing is morally wrong but she argues that it is morally permissible in a particular case because, in that particular case, it will do much good and no one will be harmed. Which theory of normative ethics is Deborah relying on? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Prof. Curd argued that, despite his emphasis on feelings and emotion, Leon Kass("The Wisdom of Repugnance") is not an emotivist because Kass gives reasons and arguments for his moral positions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Act Utilitarianism is an example of a consequentialist theory of ethics. What kinds of action does AU asset to be morally permissible? |
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Definition
| utility for everyone affected by the act including the agent. |
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Term
| What is a common reason for rejecting the simple form of rule utilitarianism based on conformance utility? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is not an important feature of Kant's theory of ethics? |
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Definition
| How much utility the action would produce |
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Term
| What are four important features of Kant's Theory of ethics? |
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Definition
1. The categorical imperative.
2. The universalizability of maxims
3. Perfect and imperfect duties
4. Respecting persons as autonomous moral agents |
|
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Term
| Complete the following quotation: "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as ________ but always at the same time as _________. |
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Definition
1. A means
2. an end in themselves |
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Term
| Complete the following quote: "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a ____________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is one objection to Kant's Theory of ethics? |
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Definition
| The way it resolves conflicts between perfect and imperfect duties |
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Term
| In "Is Killing the Innocent Absolutely Immoral?" Jeffrie Murphy rejects Johathan Bennet's contention that one can accept the principle "Never kill the innocent" only by being an authoritarian or a dogmatic moral fanatic. Whose ethical theory does Murphy appeal to in order to show that it is not irrational or dogmatic to insist that killing is always wrong? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to John Stuart Mill in "On Liberty," what is the sole purpose for which the state can rightfully exercise its power over a mature, rational citizen, against her will? |
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Definition
| To prevent her from harming others |
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Term
| According to J. Katz, what is one legal model adopted by American courts since the 1970s in judging malpractice cases in which a physician or surgeon failed to obtain fully informed consent from a patient? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why does Katz regard the Arato vs. Avedon case as troubling? |
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Definition
| It permits physicians to conceal information from their patients if physicians judge that disclosure might harm them. |
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Term
| According to the California Supreme Court ruling in the Tarasoff case, what is the legal duty of therapists to people against whom their clients have threatened violence? |
|
Definition
| To warn the threatened victim or those who can reasonably be expected to notify him or her. |
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Term
| In S. Cullen and M. Klein, "Respect for Patients, Physicians, and the Truth," the authors argue that physicians should never deceive their patients by concealing relevant information except when the patient explicitly requests not to be told certain things about her state of health. But even then, they argue the physicians's prima facie duty to respect the patient's autonomy can be overridden by a more stringent duty in what sort of case? |
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Definition
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Term
| We distinguished between two different arguments advanced by the Roman Catholic Church for the conclusion that abortion is morally wrong: one based on sex, the other on killing. What is the theory of normative ethics on which the RCC relies in advocating the sex argument? |
|
Definition
| The natural law theory of ethics |
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Term
| Until the 17th century, the Roman Catholic Church held that a human fetus acquires a distinctively human animal soul before birth but later than conception. On the views of which philosopher was the RCC relying when it denied that distinctively human life begins at conception? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| True or False? The doctrine of double effect is essentially a utilitarian principle because it judges that an act A having both a good consequence, G, and a bad consequence, B, is permissible if the goodness of G outweighs the badness of B? |
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Definition
False. The doctrine of the double effect states if an action is intended to have a positive outcome, but may have a forseeable negative outcome, the action is still morally permissible. |
|
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Term
| What is one of the cases in which the Roman Catholic Church judges that abortion is permissible because it satisfies the Doctrine of Double Effect? |
|
Definition
| Removal of a cancerous uterus |
|
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Term
| Why did the Roman Catholic Church change its mind about the permissibility of ectopic abortions in the 1940s? |
|
Definition
| Clinical evidence that ectopic pregnancies involved significant pathology of the Fallopian tube in which the fetus is growing. |
|
|
Term
| True of False? In "An Almost Absolute Value in History," John T. Noonan Jr. argues that a human being's life begins at conception because at conception each of us receives a human genetic code. |
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Definition
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Term
| An important part of Justice Blackmun's majority decision in Roe vs. Wade (1973) was based on a constitutional right of privacy, first explicitly recognized in Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965). What had Estell Griswold done that violated Connecticut Law? |
|
Definition
| Given contraceptive advice and birth control pills to married couples |
|
|
Term
| True or False? In Roe vs Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that states may, if they choose, completely prohibit abortion during the third trimester (when the fetus is judged to be viable) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? In Maher vs Roe (1977) the Supreme Court rules that a state cannot deny Medicaid fund for elective abortions if it also pays for childbirth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Harris vs McRae, the issue was the Hyde Amendment, which prohibits the use of federal funds for medically necessary abortions. True or False? The Supreme Court ruled that the Hyde Amendment is unconstitutional because it discriminates against the poor. |
|
Definition
| False. The Supreme Court ruled that a state, if it chooses, may outlaw funds for medically necessary abortion. |
|
|
Term
| In his introduction to "Abortion: The Supreme Court Decisions," what does Ian Shapiro see as a significant shift away from Roe vs Wade in cases such as "Casey"? |
|
Definition
| Recognizing the legitimacy of the state's interest in protecting potential life as long as the regulations involved are not unduly burdensome to the exercise of a woman's constitutionally protected rights |
|
|
Term
| What is the doctrine of stare decisis? |
|
Definition
| "Let the decision stand" - The precendent set by previous decisions should be followed in the absence of compelling grounds to think that those earlier decisions were wrongly decided. |
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|
Term
| In Stenburg vs Carhart (2000), what was one of the grounds on which the majority ruled that Nebraska's law prohibiting D&X abortion procedure was unconstitutional? |
|
Definition
| No health exception was made for the mother |
|
|
Term
| In Gonzales vs Carhart (2007) the majority ruled that federal law, the "Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003," banning the D&X abortion procedure, is constitutionally valid. What is one of the cases in which the Act allows the D&X procedure to be used? |
|
Definition
| The pregnant woman's life is in danger |
|
|
Term
| True or False? The Supreme Court has upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring the consent of one's spouse before one can obtain an abortion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We distinguished between two closely related but distinct objections to Thomson's "Good Samaritan" argument: The Tacit (or implicit) Consent Objection, and the Responsibility Objection. What is Professor Curd's criticism of the Tacit Consent Objection |
|
Definition
| Not everything that may occur as the foreseeable result of one's voluntary act is something that one has consented to |
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|
Term
| In his "Why Abortion is Immoral." why does Don Marquis think that it is prima facie morally wrong to kill a suicidal teen? |
|
Definition
| It deprives the teenager of a valuable future. |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis of Don Marquis's argument in "Why abortion is immoral"? Marquis thinks that abortion is prima facie morally wrong because: |
|
Definition
| deprives a future (answer was none of the above) |
|
|
Term
| True or False? Marquis acknowledges that it follows from his position that it would be prima facie morally wrong to destroy a human egg cell prior to fertilization. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? In Mary Ann Warren, "On the Moral an Legal Status of Abortion." Warren argues that human fetuses are potential persons not actual persons and so whatever right to life they may have that right cannot outweigh the right of a pregnant woman to have an abortion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Warren acknowledges that it follows from her position that if infanticide is morally wrong it cannot be because it would be murder |
|
Definition
| True, because you cannot kill nonpersons |
|
|
Term
| True or False? In "Abortion and the Concept of a Person," Jan English endorses Thomson's conclusion that abortion to protect one's life and health would be justified even if fetuses were persons. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Jane English concludes that because fetuses are not in fact persons, elective abortions performed late in pregnancy are permissible in the same wide range circumstances as elective abortions performed early in pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The psychological continuity and connectedness theory of personal identity is a modern refinement of John Locke's memory theory of personal identity. What does the duplication objection to continuity and connectedness theory of personal identity (PCC) show? |
|
Definition
| PCC is not sufficient for personal identity |
|
|
Term
| Prof. Curd distinguished between existence value and integrity value. Either kind of value makes it prima facie wrong to destroy a thing that has that value. What kind of value did Prof. Curd argue can be used validly in an argument for the prima face wrongness of destroying a thing at a much earlier stage in its developmental history? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We distinguished between potentiality in the weak sense and potentiality in the strong sense. In what sense is a piece of clay potentially a cup or a statue: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is potentiality in the strong sense? |
|
Definition
indicate how something could be done well.
|
|
|
Term
| What is potentiality in the weak sense? |
|
Definition
| something might chance to happen or not to happen |
|
|
Term
| What expresses the proper modern meaning of euthanasia? |
|
Definition
| Intentionally seeking the death of a patient for the patient's own good. |
|
|
Term
| True or False? Physicians performed active euthanasia openly in the Netherlands in the 1990s, even though euthanasia was still technically a crime at that time according to the Dutch Penal Code. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Since being legalized in the Netherlands in 2002, rates of voluntary active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide have decreased. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On what grounds did Prof. Curd criticize Rachels's "bare difference" argument for the equivalence thesis? |
|
Definition
| It relies on a general principle that commits the additive fallacy. |
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Term
| In "On Killing and Letting Die," Daniel Dinello criticizes Jonathan Bennett's attempt to draw the distinction between "X kills Y" and "X lets Y die" in terms of the number of possible movements that X can make that satisfy the condition, "If X moved like that, Y would have died." What, according to Dinello is wrong with Bennett's attempt? |
|
Definition
| It misclassifies some cases of killing as letting die. |
|
|
Term
| True of false? Trammel's dischargeability argument claims that the positive duty to save life can, in most circumstances, be completely discharged whereas the negative duty not to kill cannot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Trammel argues that killing X closes off the option of realizing a good (namely the continuation of X's life), whereas failing to help or rescue X leaves open the possibility that someone else might realize that good. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Trammell argues that the more responsible one is for X needing to be saved, the greater is one's obligation to save X. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? In her article, "The Moral Equivalence of Action and Omission," Judith Lichtenberg uses the stranded mariner example to argue that it is morally worse to kill someone than to fail to rescue him. |
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Definition
False, she tries to prove that they are equivocally morally wrong |
|
|
Term
| According to Judith Lichtenberg, what is one of the ways in which actions usually differ from omissions that can lead us to think, mistakenly, that the act/omission distinction has intrinsic moral significance? |
|
Definition
| If there is a dersired outcome |
|
|
Term
| Is stage 1 hypertension a disease? |
|
Definition
No, according to Peter Schwartz |
|
|
Term
| True or False? Diseases do not have to involve biological dysfunction. |
|
Definition
False, according to the article and lecture by Peter Schwartz |
|
|
Term
| True or False? Medical intervention for high cholesterol and mild diabetes is best regarded as risk reduction rather than treatment for disease. |
|
Definition
True, according to Peter Schwartz |
|
|
Term
| What are three provisions of the Nuremberg Code? |
|
Definition
1. The voluntary consent of the subject is absolutely essential.
2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society.
3. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury |
|
|
Term
| What is the Nuremberg Code? |
|
Definition
| set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the Second World War. |
|
|
Term
| True or False? At the Nuremberg medical trials, most of the Nazi doctors were acquitted because the experiments they had performed in concentration camps were similar to those that had been performed in the U.S. on troops and prisoners during World War II. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was morally controversial about the randomized controlled experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of extracorporeal membranous oxygenation on premature infants? |
|
Definition
| The parents of the children who recieved standard care were not informed, and the experiments should never have happened in the first place. |
|
|
Term
Why was it thought necessary to repeat the extracorporeal membranous oxygenation experiments? |
|
Definition
The control group was too small, so the statistics obtained could have been a fluke. |
|
|
Term
| In the DES experiment at Chicago's Lying-In Hospital (1950-52) discussed in class, what important scientific information was gained? |
|
Definition
| DES does not prevent miscarriage |
|
|
Term
| In the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Case, what was injected into debilitated patients to measure the rejection rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False? In the Tuskeegee Syphilis Study, black Americans were deliberately infected with syphilis by government doctors under the guise of treatment for "bad blood." |
|
Definition
False, the doctors simply failed to treat the already present syphilis |
|
|
Term
| What was the purpose of the spinal taps performed of the subjects in the Tuskeegee Study? |
|
Definition
| To measure the concentration of the syphilis bacterium in the spinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Why was the Tuskeegee Syphilis Study finally halted? |
|
Definition
| Public outcry after information was leaked to the national press by Peter Buxton. |
|
|
Term
| In the national breast cancer study discussed in class, why was the switch made from a classic RCT to a prerandomized design? |
|
Definition
| To increase the number of women willing to participate in the experiment. |
|
|
Term
| True or False? In prerandomized designs for RCTs discussed in class, it would be impossible to perform the experiment single blind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the consequences of the disclosure of the Tuskeegee Syphilis Study in 1972 was the passage of the National Research Act of 1974, mandating that IRBs review every research protocol supported by federal funds that would involved human subjects. What do the letters "IRB" stand for? |
|
Definition
| Institutional Review Board |
|
|
Term
| True or False? In his article, "Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude," H. Tristram Englehardt Jr., the libertarian, argues that a single, mandatory, comprehensive health-care system should be availableto all citizens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In class, we discussed Medicaid and Medicare. Which one of the two pays for about half of the costs of long-term nursing home care for the elderly in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In class, we discussed Elizabeth Telfer's classification of health care delivery systems into four basic types: laissez-faire, liberal humanitarian, liberal socialist, and pure socialist. Which one of the following is a major difference between the liberal socialist and the pure socialist systems? |
|
Definition
| Liberal socialist permits the private practice of medicine. |
|
|
Term
| The Canadians have a "single-payer" health-care system: each province pays the medical bills for all its citizens with money raised through mandatory taxation. Medical fees and charges are fixed through negotiations with the ministry of health in each province and Canadian doctors cannot practice "balance billing" by passing on extra charges to their parents. Although doctors do not work for the government, Canadians could not buy private insurance for core services that are already covered by the provincial plans. What best describes the Canadian system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Robert Nozick argues that justice cannot be based on an ideal distribution of goods because "capitalist acts between consenting adults" would upset such a distribution in the future. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of inequalities are allowed by the difference principle in Rawls's theory of justice? |
|
Definition
| Those which maximally benefit those who are worst off. |
|
|
Term
| What is a foundation on which Norman Daniels, in "Is There a Right to Health Care and, if so, What does it Encompass?" builds his theory of distributive justices in health care? |
|
Definition
| Rawls's principle of fair equality of opportunity. |
|
|
Term
| W.D. Ross defended an intuitionist theory of normative ethics, according to which some moral thruths are known with certainty, without being derivable from anything more fundamental. What was Ross an intuitionist about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In On Liberty, John Stuart Mill argued that there is only one important exception to the generalization paternalistic laws are morally unjustifiable. What is that exception? |
|
Definition
Laws preventing someone from selling herself into slavery. |
|
|
Term
| In "Autonomy and the Refusal of Lifesaving Treatment," (discussed in class) Bruce L. Miller distinguishes between four different senses of autonomy: free action, authenticity, effective deliberation, and moral reflection. With one of these four would be lacking is a patients refusal of treatment was uncoerced but manifestly out of character for that person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True of False. In "Offering Truth...", Benjamin Freedman argues that, in cases involving a cultural community very different from that of the physician, family members should decide whether an elderly cancer patient should be told about his or her condition and prognosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is morally controversial about the Pittsburgh Protocol? |
|
Definition
It permits the removal of vital organs from the patients who could be resuscitated and thus who are, arguably, not dead. |
|
|
Term
| Which definition of death was recommended by the Presidential Commission in its 1981 report Defining Death? |
|
Definition
Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain. |
|
|
Term
| In arguing for the whole-brain criterion of death, the Capron report distinguishes between two formulations of the importance of the brain: the "integrated functions" view and the "primary organs" view. Which view does the report accept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to British philosopher John Locke, what is the basis for personal identity? |
|
Definition
Having memories that connect one's conscious awareness at different times. |
|
|
Term
| True of False. In class we said that the DDE is appealed to in military ethics to explain why it can be permissible to bomb an enemy airfield in the course of a just war even though innocent civilians are killed or maimed as a result. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Steinbock's "Interest View", what crucial property is necessary for an entity to have interests and thus to have a moral standing? |
|
Definition
Not sure whether the answer is A) sentience or B) higher order thinking.
(Shishir thinks it is A, James thinks it is B) |
|
|
Term
| True or False. In "Embryo Ethics - the Moral Logic of Stem-Cell Research", Michael Sandel argues that President Bush's restriction of federally funded stem-cell research (permitting only stem-cell lines derived before August 2, 2001) cannot be defended on the grounds that embryos are persons since this would make the deliberate destruction of embryos, whether in research of a part of IVF procedures, morally and legally equivalent to murder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. Michael Sandel argues that because embryos are not persons, no restrictions on stem-cell research should be imposed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. In "Acorns and Embryos", Robert George and Patrick Lee criticize Sandel on the grounds that personhood is an essential characteristic of human beings. Since human embryos are individual beings that are human, they conclude that human embryos are human beings and hence persons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. In hs article "Surplus Embryos", William Fitzpatrick argues that it makes a moral difference whether the embryos used in research are created with the intention of destroying them or whether they are left over from IVF procedures. |
|
Definition
True. He then goes on to argue that the moral difference in not significant enough to justify creating embryos for research. |
|
|
Term
| What is the equivalence thesis defended by James Rachels? |
|
Definition
Both killing and letting die are of equal moral significance because both achieve the same result. |
|
|
Term
| According to James Rachels, the AMA's 1973 policy statement condemns active euthanasia but allows passive euthanasia under special circumstances. What does the AMA statement actually allow under special circumstances? |
|
Definition
The withdrawal of life-sustaining machinery if decided upon by the family of the party in question. |
|
|
Term
| True or False. In the Willowbrook Case, retarded children were fed live hepatitis virus and became infected with hepatitis as a result. |
|
Definition
|
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