Term
|
Definition
An attribute or quality a thing is said to possess
-universal: they can be in more than one thing at one time
-immutable and eternal: do not change
-inhere in things: they are had
-no causal powers |
|
|
Term
Define the following:
1. Accidental properties
2. Essential properties
3. Relational properties |
|
Definition
1. a thing may or not posses (color, height)
2. a thing must posses to make it that thing (rational, willful)
3. exists between two things (next to, smarter than) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sum of the essential properties |
|
|
Term
| Define and describe Substance |
|
Definition
has being in itself, a particular thing
-only one place at one time
-they can change
-have being in themselves
-have causal powers |
|
|
Term
Define the following concerning essence:
1. Metaphysical Realism
2. Nominalism
3. Conceptualism |
|
Definition
1. essences posses objective reality; they actually exist in things
2. essences are names by which we group things
3. essences exist only in our minds and not reality |
|
|
Term
Describe Monism
1. Definition
2. Sensible Monists
3. Nonsensible |
|
Definition
1. reality is reducible to one basic substance
2. Thales- Water
Heraclitus- Fire
3. Pythagorus- Numbers
Parmenides- Being
3. |
|
|
Term
Describe Pluralism
1. Definition
2. Examples |
|
Definition
1. reality is more than one thing
2. Empedocles- Earth, Fire, Air, Water
Democritus- Atoms |
|
|
Term
Define Dualism
1. Strengths
2. Weaknesses |
|
Definition
reality is made of two substances; material and immaterial
1. -Explanatory power (consciousness)
-Acceptance through history
2. -Non empirical substances
-Interaction
-Ockhams Razor |
|
|
Term
Describe Materialism
1. Strengths
2. Weaknesses |
|
Definition
all reality can be reduced to matter
1. -Empirically based
-Explanatory power (accounts for everything in terms of matter and energy)
-Ockham's Razor
2. Explanatory power (can it really account for everything) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Mind and Matter |
|
Definition
Mind: substance that posses ideas; same thing as soul; not physical
Matter: physical substance that must exist to posses the physical properties |
|
|
Term
What is Mind/Body Dualism?
Describe the Mind/Body problem? |
|
Definition
Man is made up of a soul (immaterial) and a body (material)
How can immaterial and material substance interact? |
|
|
Term
Define the following:
1. Interactionism
2. Parallelism
3. Occasionalism
4. Epiphenomenalism
5. Idealism |
|
Definition
1. M/B interact someway; just reinstates the problem
2. for all PS, there is a MS, but they don't relate
3. on occasion of PS, God creates a MS; God in control, no free will
4. mind is emergent property of brain, brain can cause mind but not vice versa; no free will
5. no material, just mind |
|
|
Term
| Describe Berkley's basic argument for Idealism |
|
Definition
Syllogism:
Ideas exist only in the mind
All things are ideas
Therefore, all things exist only in minds |
|
|
Term
| Define Primary and Secondary Qualities |
|
Definition
Primary: quality that exists independently of the perceiver
ex. size, shape, movement (physical)
Secondary: quality whose existence is dependent on the perceiver
ex. sound, smell, taste (mental) |
|
|
Term
Describe the following arguments from Berkley:
1. Denial of Matter
2. Relativity of Properties |
|
Definition
1. there is no such thing as matter, only properties
-if you take away properties what is left
-can you perceive matter or just properties
2. all properties are secondary (mental) and dependent on perceiver
-you can't separate the qualities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Solipsism and describe why Berkley does not hold to this belief |
|
Definition
the belief that I am the only thing that exists and everything else is a result of my mind
Passivity of perceptions-The world outside my mind forces itself on me. I am passive concerning reality, and am not actively creating it
*All things exist in the Mind of God |
|
|
Term
What was Berkley denying and what was he not denying?
Why was he inconsistent? |
|
Definition
Denying: existence of matter
Not Denying: objective reality outside our minds
He claims that our mind is a thing even though we have never perceived it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| employing a concept in a system in which it is innapropriate |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 materialistic arguments against Dualism? |
|
Definition
1. Ockham's Razor- simplicity
2. Explanatory Impotence- science can explain almost everything
*3. Dependence- mental states are dependent on the physical and chemical state of the brain
4. Evolutionary history- where did the mind come from |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Identity thesis |
|
Definition
each mental state is equal to a particular brain state
-mental states are reduced to brain states
-reduced to materialism |
|
|
Term
What are 3 problems with the Identity Thesis?
Define Co-extensional |
|
Definition
1. Moral problem: can morals be applied to the body? can the body be praised
2. Epistemological problem: physical states are not true or false, but you can be in a false state of thought
3. Problem of Co-extensionality: just because for each MS there is a BS, does not mean they're identical
Co-extensional: if you have one, you always have the other |
|
|
Term
Define the following:
1. Soft Behaviorism
2. Hard Behaviorism |
|
Definition
1. behavioral patterns are all that is observable about a person, but there may be more
2. all there is to being a person is behavioral patterns
person: a tendency to behave a certain under certain stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Behaviorism
-denied free will
-all values are dependent on social conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all mental states are reduced to a physical process rather than substance |
|
|
Term
| Describe the following argument defending Dualism: Problems with Determinism |
|
Definition
morality and reasoning are impossible
-if we can't make our own decisions we can't be held responsible, and why bother trying to reason |
|
|
Term
| Define Indiscernability of the Identicals |
|
Definition
| If any two terms are talking about the same thing (i.e. they are identical) then what ever is true about one of the terms must be true about the other |
|
|
Term
| Describe the 5 differences between the mind and brain |
|
Definition
1. The great difference between mental and physical properties
2. incorrigibility of mental states
3. experience of first person
4. intentionality
5. personal identity through time |
|
|
Term
Define the following:
1.Qualia
2. Incorrigible |
|
Definition
1. things we perceive
2. cannot be changed or altered |
|
|
Term
Define the following views:
1. Determinism
2. Indeterminism
3. Libertarianism
-Agent Causation
4. Compatibilism |
|
Definition
1. everything has been laid out before; no free will
2. events are no caused; chance and free will
3. free will is incompatible with determinism
-personal agents are the direct, uncaused causes of their actions
4. determinism and free will are compatible |
|
|
Term
How do the following define free will:
1. Hard Determinism
2. Libertarianism
3. Compatibilism |
|
Definition
1. no free will
2. free will; it conflicts with determinism
3. free will; does not conflict with determinism
-freedom is the ability to act according to ones desires |
|
|
