Term
| Define the moral point of view |
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Definition
To subscribe to normative judgments about actions, principles, & motives
To universalize judgments concerning morally relevant similar situations
To formulate ethical views in a free, impartial and enlightened way
The Synderesis Rule: To promote the good and avoid evil |
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Term
| Describe the Synderesis Rule |
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Definition
| to promote good and avoid evil |
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Term
| What is the distinction between motive and rational justification? |
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Definition
Motive: Why am I doing this?
Justification: Is this the right thing to do? |
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Term
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Definition
| an action is right if it promotes the greatest number of happiness to the greatest number of people |
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Term
| Define the Utility Principle |
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Definition
we ought to act to promote the greatest balance of good over evil
-also know as Proportionalism |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Pleasure Principle
2. Benevolence Principle |
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Definition
1. good=pleasure evil=pain
2. happiness should be distributed as widely and evenly among the people |
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Term
| What was Bentham's view of the greatest pleasure and the quote that accompanies it? |
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Definition
Greatest pleasure=most amount
“A satisfied pig has equal or more value than a dissatisfied human being” |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Propinquity
2. Fecundity |
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Definition
1. how close the pleasure is
2. being able to produce more pleasure |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Motive
2. Intention |
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Definition
1. attitude towards an action
2. what a person wills to do |
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Term
| What are Bentham's four external motivations? |
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Definition
1. God
2. Public Opinion
3. Natural Laws
4. Public Laws |
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Term
| What was Mill's view of the greatest pleasure and the quote that accompanies it? |
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Definition
Pleasures can be divided into kinds of pleasure; greatest pleasure is the best one
"It is better to be a dissatisfied Socrates than a satisfied pig." |
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Term
| What was Mill's internal motivation? |
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Definition
Conscience
-it is not innate, but must be acquired and cultivated
-can be ruined |
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Term
| What was Mill's view of the motive? |
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Definition
| motive has nothing to do with the act, only the intention matters |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Act utilitarianism
2. Rule utilitarianism |
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Definition
1. concerned with particular acts in specific situations
2. concerned with general rules to apply to situations |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Incommensurable
2. Naturalistic Fallacy |
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Definition
1. not measurable; referring to Hedonic Calculus
2. just because people seek pleasure doesn't mean they ought to |
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Term
| What are the problems with utilitarianism? |
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Definition
1. Hedonic calculus is Incommensurable
2. is happiness an appropriate goal for morality?
3. commits the Naturalistic Fallacy
4. can you ignore motives?
5. minority always suffers
6. how can we know consequences
7. utility is the only thing with intrinsic value, so what about truth and persons |
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Term
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Definition
the ethical view that certain acts are right in and of themselves regardless of consequences
-consequences are morally irrelevant
-morality is thought of duty or obligation
-moral absolutes |
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Term
| Describe the Balance difference between Consequentialism and Deontology |
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Definition
C: rule keeping generally brings about the best results, but if it doesn't then don't keep them
D: Best results will generally occur if you keep the rules, but that's not why you keep them |
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Term
| How do C and D view the right and the good? |
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Definition
C: the “right” is related to, but separate from, the “good” – an action is judged as right if it achieves the good
D: the “right” is identical with the “good” – an action is right because it is good; i.e. telling the truth |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Divine Command Morality
2. Voluntarism
3. Moral Realism
4. Essentialism |
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Definition
1. Moral principles are grounded in the commands of God
2. the view that morality is based on the will of God
3. moral claims have truth value
4. Morality is based not on the will of God but on the nature of God |
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Term
| What is the problem with Voluntarism and what is the solution? |
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Definition
P: Can God declare right or wrong?
Yes- morality is arbitrary; nothing is right or wrong
No- God is not free to do as he wants; He is not supreme
S: Essentialism
-not will but nature |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Natural Law Theory
2. Teleological View of Creation |
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Definition
1. Moral principles are derived as we reflect upon our human nature and basic human goods
2. Every natural kind that exists in the universe has a nature or essence; purpose of all things are to "fulfill their nature" or function according to their nature |
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Term
| What are some of the key ideas to Natural Law Theory? |
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Definition
-ethics begin in metaphysics: ontological basis for ethics
-God designed creation to function in a certain way
-humans have capacity for choice
-essence of human is practical reason
-certain goods are basic to all humans: friendship, life, knowledge, religion
-actions that promote basic goods are right and vice versa
-our nature can help us discover moral good |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Eternal Law
2. Natural Law
3. Human Laws
4. Divine Law |
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Definition
1. mind of God that controls reality
2. eternal law as it reflects in us
3. natural laws that are implemented in society
4. law reflected in Scripture |
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Term
| What is the evolution problem with natural law? |
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Definition
| the teleological view of creation is questioned by evolutionists |
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Term
Define the following:
1. The Good Will
2. Categorical Imperative
3. Self-Defeating
4. Prima Facie Duties |
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Definition
1. to do right for no other reason than it is right
2. Act according to that maxim by which you can, at the same time, will that it should be a universal law.
3. that which is self-defeating is irrational
4. duties that are self presenting |
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Term
| What are some problems with Kant? |
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Definition
1. No exceptions for law exceptions; what about moral dilemmas
2. absolute rejection of emotions and consequences
3. Problems with method of universalization |
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Term
| What is Kant's distinction between acting in accordance with duty and out of duty? |
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Definition
| only moral is acting out of duty |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Virtue Ethics
2. Virtue |
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Definition
1. morality is about the person; developing character
2. mean between two vices; excess and deficiency |
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Term
What are the Cardinal Virtues:
1. Moral
2. Theological |
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Definition
1. Moral
-Prudence: practical wisdom
-Temperance: control of the passions
-Fortitude: courage to overcome obstacles
-Justice: fair treatment
2. Theological
-Faith
-Hope
-Love |
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Term
| How are virtues learned and acquired? |
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Definition
Learned: modeling saints and heroes
Acquired: training and practice |
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Term
| Know what is meant by “virtue as a mean” and “ethic of appropriateness” |
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Definition
Mean: average between excess and deficiency
Appropriateness: keeping things in moderation |
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Term
| Know the four questions from the Nicomachaen Ethics and their answers |
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Definition
1. What is the aim of everything?
-achieving the good
2. What is the chief good of man?
-something he desires; Eudaimonia
3. How does one achieve Eudaimonia?
-functioning excellently
4. How does one function excellently?
-live virtuously |
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Term
Define the following:
1. Eudaimonia
2. Altruism |
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Definition
1. good spirit; living well, the good life
2. concern for the well being of others |
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