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| Logic based on the relations of inclusion and exclusion among classes (or "cateogories) as stated in categorical claims. Useful in clarifying and analyzing deductive arguments. |
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| Says something about the classes (or "categories") of things. |
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| Standard Form of Cateogorical Claim |
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| Is a claim that results from putting names or descriptions of classes into the blanks of the 4 types of categorical claims (A,E,I and O) |
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| Some ______ are not ______. |
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| Phrases that go in the blanks |
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| 2 Claims would be true in all and exactly the same circumstances could one of them be true and the other false. |
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| They can both be false, but they cannot both be true. |
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| They can both be true, but they cannot both be false. |
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| They never have the same truth values. |
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Works for: All 4 types of claim
Change it from affirmative to negative, or vice versa then replace the predicate term with its complementary term. |
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Works for: E and I Claims ONLY
Find the equivalent converse by switching the positions of the subject and predicate terms |
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Works For: A and O Claims ONLY
Switch the places of the subject and predicate terms. Replace both terms with complementary terms. |
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| Two-premise deductive argument. |
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| A syllogism whose every claim is a standard-form cateogorical claim and in which three terms each occur exactly twice in exactly two of the claims. |
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| # of negative claims in the premises must be the same as the # of negative claims in the conclusion |
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| At least one premise must distribute the middle term |
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| Any term that is distributed in the conclusion of the syllogism has two negative premises. |
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____ argument if it isn't possible for the premise to be true and the conclusion false.
(If the premises are true the conclusion must be true) |
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| _____ argument conclusion doesn't have to follow from the premises. |
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| If the premises are true the conclusion must be true. |
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| Premises make the conclusion more likely to be true. |
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| _______ arguments are "stronger" or "weaker" depending on how much support the premise provides for the conclusion; that is, depending on how likely the premise makes the conclusion. |
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| When we reason _______, we try to prove or demonstrate a conclusion. |
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| When we reason ________, we try to support a conclusion. |
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| Balance of Considerations |
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| _______________ reasoning that usually contains both deductive and inductive elements. |
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