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| Examination of concepts to understand their essential features and implications |
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| The attempt to establish conclusions through reasoning and the critical evaluation of this attempts |
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| The investigation of the foundation of any concepts in order to figure out its basic ideas and principles |
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| Argument is sound if it is valid and all of its premises are true |
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| An argument is valid if the conclusion follows from the premise |
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| A group of ancient greek people, "intellectuals" taught rhetoric in exchange for money. Socrates is accused of being a sophist |
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| "reduction to absurdity" A form of argument where you show the thesis leads to a contradiction |
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| A way of finding out what people know by asking them many questions, by using cross-examination. |
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| Reverse the order and negate both propositions. If p then q -contrapositive-> If not q then not p |
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| P is the antecedent in "If p then q" |
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| An if/then statement, if p then q |
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| Refuting the person. The ad hominem fallacy is rejecting an argument because of the person presenting the argument and not because the argument was bad. |
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| When one asserts and denies the same proposition. |
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| If I do not know p, then I do not think I know p. |
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| "The unexamined life is not worth living" One of Socrates's quotes, the examined life is practicing philosophy |
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| Elenchus, Socrates's cross examining others. |
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| Dialogues that end at an impasse, aporia |
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| No such thing as right and wrong so all moral judgments are false |
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| Every moral judgement is true for the person who makes it |
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| No one knows if a moral judgement is true, even if it is true |
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| The part of a definition that is being defined |
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| The part of a definition that defines the definiendum. |
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| One counterexample is enough to disprove a universal generalization |
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| Extensional Requirement For Definitions |
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| Identifies all F's and only F's |
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All Fs are X and all Xs are F's
All pious things are F. All F's are pious. |
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| The Platonic form of F is what makes them all F - the feature in virtue of which they are F |
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| aspect, feature, characteristic |
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| Remember that you are mortal |
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| Two substances are independent of each other, they can exist without each other(ex. mind and body). |
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| That in virtue of which living things are alive, the basis of life |
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| Liberation from the cycle of rebirth |
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| The cause, reason why, not the explanation but the ground of the explanation |
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| A collection of propositions that explain another proposition |
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| When a a property supervenes another they always appear together. If A supervenes B, then something can't have B without A. The soul supervenes the body. |
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| Know Thyself, carved into Apollo's temple at Delphi |
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| If p then q. Not q, therefore not p. |
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| All knowledge is based on other knowledge, like a web |
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| All knowledge is based on other knowledge or is foundational knowledge, like a building |
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| Theory where every event has an earlier cause that necessitates it. |
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| Eternal is outside of time, while sempiternal is in time but everlasting |
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| The knowledge has to be self-evident and there has to be no reason to doubt it |
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| Free will is compatible with the causal determinism theory |
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| Absolute Necessity vs. Conditional Necessity |
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| Conditional necessity is when the whole conditional is necessary, Necessarily[if p then q], while absolute necessity is if p, then necessarily q, if p then necessarily [q] |
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| All events that happen are foreseen by God |
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| Methodological skepticism |
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| Take any proposition, p, that could be doubted and assume it is false. Then see what propositions are left. Descartes uses this to find foundational knowledge |
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| Libertarianism/Indeterminism |
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| inderterminism says that no events are necessitated by prior events, while libertarianism goes further saying free will exists so determinism does not |
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| Clear and Distinct Perception Rule |
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| What ever I perceive clearly and distinctly is true. |
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| the reality of objects as mental acts |
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| the reality their objects have |
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| Components of an Idea (Act/Object Distinction) |
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2 parts
act - a state of the mind
content/object - what they represent
All ideas equal to each other as acts but differ with their content |
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| I am the only mind, everybody and everything else is a figment of my imagination |
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| Can doubt everything but that fact that you exist |
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| When you ask an opponent to grant you the question in order to answer the question, Cartesian circle |
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| latin - it does not follow |
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| a priori vs. a posteriori |
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a priori - from what is prior to experiences, doesn't depend on a specific experience
a posteriori - from what is posterior to experiences, does depend on specific experiences. |
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| Faith is independent of religion, a logical proof is not enough to convert non-believers. |
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| Making God in man's image |
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| A fact that needs no more explanation |
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| Ockham's Razor (and Newton's Modifications) |
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| Don't assume more than necessary to account for a phenomenon. Newton - Don't assume more causes than necessary |
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| Arguments for God to be the first cause of the universe |
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| Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) |
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| Everything has some cause or reason for its existence, nothing can be the cause of itself. |
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| The English word looks like the other language word but has a different definition (ex. apology and apologia) |
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| Argument where if the premises are true, then it is impossible for the conclusion to be false |
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| Socrates's distinction between new and old accusers |
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New accusers - Meletus, Antyus, and Lycon
Old accusers - More dangerous, tainted his reputation |
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Either p or q.
If p then r.
If q then r.
Don't know which option is right but can infer the outcome |
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| Pretending to be ignorant in order to cross-examine someone and expose their ignorance |
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| Definitions could be used for measuring good/bad since it captures the essence of a certain characteristic. Could be used to ground moral claims |
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| Follows the structure of Socrates asking what is x? |
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| It suggests that morality is subjective |
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| Objective Moral Standards |
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| There is right and wrong and it is independent of people |
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| A necessary condition for x is a condition that has to be satisfied in order to even attempt to get x |
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| Philosophy as Practice for Death |
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| Death is soul and body separating, philosophers try to withdraw their minds from their body in order to think philosophically. |
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| A sufficient condition of x, once satisfied guarantees x. |
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| Anaxagoras' Theory of Divine Mind |
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| The divine mind set into motion the cosmos (world-order). Everything else results from the processes that follows. Socrates doesn't like it b/c it explains how not why things are. |
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| Socrates's 2nd Best Form of Explanation |
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| Beautiful things are made beautiful by the beautiful itself |
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| Being F essentially or by nature |
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| What ever makes things F must itself be F by nature. Essentially it is not possible for the Form, the F itself, to be F and not F. The F is always F. |
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| Connection between deathless and indestructible |
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| Soul is deathless so indestructible |
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| Definition of death (Socrates vs. Simmias/Cebes) |
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Socrates - When the soul separates from the body
Cebes - Cessation of life
Simmias - Non-existance, soul dies with body |
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| Socrates's Theory of Explanation |
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1. Theory Captures all and only F
2. Identifies basis for calling it F |
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