Term
| Hobbes: humans quarrel over |
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Definition
| competition, diffidence, glory |
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| state of war; pre-emptive attacks |
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| Rousseau: state of nature |
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Definition
| peaceful, innocent, animal-like |
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| necessary consequence of man's natural condition |
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| Rousseau: 2 principles of nature |
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| Do what you need to preserve your life. Self-preserving actions aren't wrong, even if they harm others. |
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| (1) endeavor to peace, (2) do what is necessary to achieve peace, (3) keep your promises. Requires enforcement by coercive power. |
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| Rousseau: origin of ethics |
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Definition
| Sentiments. Man is naturally good. |
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| Sentiments. Affection of humanity; benevolence. |
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| Reason; independent of inclinations and feelings. |
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| Hume: species of sentiment |
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| Self-love (peculiar to oneself), humanity (common to all). |
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| Only actions performed out of duty have moral worth. |
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| Continuum: the closer to kin, the more altruistic we are. The closer to a strnager, the more antagonistic we are. |
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| Reciprocity. Nice, provocable, forgiving, clear. |
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Term
| Hume: 2 species of reasoning |
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Definition
| Relations of ideas: discoverable by thought alone; Matters of fact: discoverable through experience. |
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Definition
| Reason is the slave of the passions. |
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Term
| Kant: world of sense (phenomenal) |
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Definition
| Nature, the real world. Morality can't arise from this. |
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Term
| Kant: world of intellect (noumenal) |
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Definition
| The world (in our minds) as we perceive it. |
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Definition
| Talents of the mind, qualities of temperament. |
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| Power, riches, honor, health, general well-being. Happiness. |
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Definition
| An action is good only insofar as the intention is good. |
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Definition
| subjective principle(s) that guide our actions |
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Term
| Kant: hypothetical imperative |
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Definition
| Tells us how to act in order to achieve some end. Conditional. |
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Term
| Kant: categorical imperative |
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Definition
| Unconditional. Can be applied universally, hence, only this kind of imperative can express moral duties. |
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Term
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Definition
| We choose our values, and our choice can't be seen as determined, inevitable, necessary, or given. |
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Term
| Sartre: essence precedes existence |
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Definition
| Created for a specific purpose, with a specific design in mind. |
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Term
| Sartre: existence precedes essence |
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Definition
| We exist without a predetermined purpose. (Humans follow this paradigm.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Factual discourse; what can be said. Propositions of science. |
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Definition
| Non-factual discourse; what can only be shown (ineffable). Tautologies, contraditions, ethics, religion, etc. |
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Term
| Wittgenstein: 2 sense of value |
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Definition
| Relative value: trivial sense of value, like you play tennis well. Absolute value: elusive sense of value, like you ought to behave decently. |
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Term
| Nagel: resentment vs. dislike |
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Definition
| Resentment is an emotional response to being treated inconsiderately by another. Unlike dislike, it implies that the person feeling resentment has been wronged. |
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Definition
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| Happiness; achieved by living life in accordance with virtue. |
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Term
| Epicurus: kinetic pleasure |
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Definition
| Active stimulation of enjoyable bodily feelings or states of mind. |
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Term
| Epicurus: static pleasure |
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Definition
| Comfortable bodily and mental state where one is not suffering from any unsatisfied desire. |
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Definition
| Tranquility; state of complete static pleasure. |
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Term
| Nozick: experience machine |
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Definition
| A machine that gives the user any experience s/he desires. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek Myth: Sisyphus must roll a boulder up a steep hill only for it to roll back down to start over again, eternally. |
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Term
| Taylor: modifications of Sisyphus myth |
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Definition
| (1) inject Sisyphus with a syrum that makes him desire to roll the boulder. (2) Give his boulder rolling the purpose that it builds a magnificent temple. |
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Definition
| Rights to life, liberty, and property. We have a right to enforce these rights. Humans are naturally free, equal, and independent. |
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Definition
| Emphasizes our duties and obligations; discoverable through reason alone. |
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Definition
| Emphasizes our privileges and claims of entitlement. |
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Definition
| We leave the state of nature to join civil society in order to protect our rights and promote public good. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our language carries connotations of the word nature that has skewed its meaning with regards to ethics and morality. He claims that actions made in accordance with nature are not moral, thus, we have no moral duty to conform with nature, since it is inherent human nature that we alter the natural world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. |
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Definition
| Act so that you treat humanity always as an end and never as a means only. |
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Term
| Kant: 2 ways contradiction can arise |
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Definition
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Term
| Kant: perfect vs. imperfect duty |
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Definition
| Perfect duties can never be violated. Imperfect duties can be violated in some circumstances. |
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Term
| Hedonistic utilitarianism |
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Definition
| Utility is equated with promoting pleasure and avoiding pain. |
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Term
| Preference utilitarianism |
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Definition
| Right action is the one that satisfies our preference. |
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Definition
| What is useful is what best satisfies the interests of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calculate the consequences of individual actions each time the action is performed. |
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Definition
| Follow general rules about what best serves utility. |
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Term
| Rawls: criticism of utilitarianism |
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Definition
| Utilitarianism doesn't take seriously the separateness of persons. |
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Term
| Williams: criticism of utilitarianism |
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Definition
| (1) No distinction between doing something and failing to stop someone else from doing something. (2) Alienates us from the projects that most define us. |
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Definition
| One whose every action is as morally good as possible. Wolf: moral saints are unattractive. |
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Definition
| State of mind where humans act free of selfishness, personal history, or previous bias. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents humans in the original position from adopting the viewpoint of particular individuals with specific interests and biases; ensures fairness and impartiality. |
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Term
| Midgley: problem with social contract theory |
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Definition
| Doesn't consider interactions with entities that are not included in the social contract, for instance, animals, plants, the mentally insane, and oneself. |
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