Term
|
Definition
| Hume: it arises from benevolence and the origins of ethics. We feel concern for others and tend to identity with the interests of people as a whole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Barash: unselfish devotion to the welfare of others. Proportional to the genetic relatedness of the individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hobbes: cooperation between humans outside the state of nature. Axelrod: tit-for-tat explains cooperation in a system where defection pays greater than cooperation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Socrates: ruling is a craft, hence the ruler is not self-interested. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: morality arises from individuals carrying ot their duty. Only actions out of duty carry moral worth. People act out of respect for moral law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hume: egoism can't serve as the basis for morality because self-love is self-directed. It cannot move us to feel for others, for it arises from one's particular circumstances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of how one ought to live. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A strict form of reciprocity. Hammurabi: first written code of law implemented eye-for-an-eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: benefits that arise from luck, situation, or chance. Acquired throughout your lifetime, such as power, riches, and honor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: benefits you are born with, such as courage, resolution, and perserverance. Desireable, but not good without qualifications. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive formulation: treat others the way you would want to be treated. Negative formulation: do not do something to another if you wouldn't want it done to yourself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: the only thing that can be called good without qualification. Actions can only be as good as their intentions, or their good will. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aristotle: we are good people who become more virtuous by choosing to do good things. Through actions we reinforce behaviors that help us to become good, or evil; cowardly, or brave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: happiness arises from doing one's moral duty, though you do not need to be happy to be doing the right thing necessarily. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nietzsche: herd morality is a recipe for mediocrity. It regulates behavior in ways that discourage individual differences; prevents realization of individual potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hobbes: human nature is selfish and self-serving, uncooperative and nasty. Rousseau: people are naturally good, but they become corrupt through society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Barash: ability of all your genetic relatives to pass on your genetic code. This concept encourages people to be altruistic to their kin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Goodall: chimpanzees feel kinship to one another, leading them to behave cooperatively. Nietzsche: kinship results in increased altruism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hobbes: (1) Every human should endeavor to peace. (2) Do what is necessary to achieve peace, so far as other humans match your conformity to this law. (3) Keep your promises, otherwise they are empty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ashworth: unofficial cease fires observed in trench warfare, WWI. Example of reciprocity between agressors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: a subjective principle that the will of an individual uses to make a decision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: never treat someone as means to and end, but rather as an end in themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: actions that morality demands; constraint to desires. Motivated by duty, or what someone is obligated to do to uphold the standards of society and goodness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin: arises from social instinct, like sympathy, love for one's tribe, and preservation of the species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hume: everyone is motivated to action by passion. Reason is a slave of the passions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rousseau: people naturally have pity for their fellow man. Pity softens the drive of self-perservation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A simple predicament involving two suspects who can cooperate or defer with the other, which illustrates the concept of cooperation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hume: reason can control passions, but it does not actually motivate action (passion does). Kant: reason is the foundation of morality, causes action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hammurabi: eye for an eye. Axelrod: tit for tat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hobbes: (1) Do what you need to survive. (2) Self-preserving actions aren't wrong. (3) Everyone has the right to everything; nobody has to protect another's rights. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plato: ruler that operates as a server to his/her constituents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hume: self-love is particular to one's self, arises from one's circumstances, self-directed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hobbes, Rousseau: we act in self-preservation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin: humans have developed social instincts such as sympathy and loyalty, helping the entire group thrive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hobbes: War, with pre-emptive attacks, resources scarce. Rousseau: Peace; humans are innocent, animal-like, resources are sufficient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin: a social instinct. Rousseau: pity is a determinant of behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axelrod: system of reciprocity for the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jesus: Respond to agression with non-violence; defection with cooperation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kant: the good will is the only thing that is unconditionally good. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mencius: everyone has the 4 seeds of virtue, but we must cultivate the seeds to have them grow into positive character traits. Aristotle: virtue arises from habit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (phenomenal) Kant: world of facts, subject to laws of nature and physics. Inclinations, conditional goods. Heteronomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (noumenal) Kant: moral law, reason, free will. Autonomy |
|
|
