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| arriving at correct (justified) answers to question about the moral status of activities |
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| Conservative views appeal to... |
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| ...ideas associated with natural law theory |
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| Liberal views appeal to.... |
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| ...ideas asssociated w/ Kantian moral theory |
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| Is an attempt to arrive at well-argued-for answers to general moral questions about the nature of right action and value. |
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to discover those underlying features of actions, persons, and other
items of moral evaluation that make them right or wrong, good or bad, and thus explain why such items have the moral properties they have. |
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| to offer practical guidance for how we might arrive at correct or justified moral verdicts about matters of moral concern |
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| that part of a moral theory that is addressed to the question: what makes something intrinsically good or intrinsically bad? |
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that part of a moral theory that is addressed to the question: what makes an
action right or wrong? |
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| Principle of right conduct |
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a general statement that purports to set forth conditions under which an
action or practice is morally right and, by implication, when an actions is morally wrong |
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| an acquired skill at discerning what matters the most morally speaking and coming to an all-things-considered moral verdict, where this skill cannot be entirely captured by a set of rules |
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| Principle of Explanatory Power |
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a principle for evaluating how well a moral theory does at satisfying
the theoretical aim of such theories. Ex. a moral theory should feature principles that explain our more specific considered moral beliefs, thus helping us to understand why actions and other items of evaluation have the moral status they have. |
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| Principle of Practice Guidance |
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a principle for evaluating how well a moral theory does at satisfying
the practical aim of such theories. Ex. a moral theory should feature
principles that are useful in guiding moral deliberation toward correct or justified moral verdicts
about particular cases which can in turn be used to help guide choice |
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| Generally by Thomas Aquinas. Natural or un-natural determines right or wrong. |
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| True moral principles are grounded in human nature |
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| Aquinas's Theory of Value (3 points) |
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| We can discover what is good/bad by observing natural inclinations. Four basic human goods. Human beings have innate powers of rationality. |
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| Human life, procreation, knowledge, socialbility are all intrinsically good. First two = living creatures. Second two = rational beings |
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| Aquinas's Theory of Right Conduct |
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| "Good is to be done and pursued, and evil is to be avoided." |
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| NLT Principle of Right Conduct |
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| Actions that promote or preserve the 4BHGs are rights; actions that destroy or hinder them are wrong |
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| We are obligated to protect and promote our own lives and others;keeping good health. bad = suicide and murder |
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| Actions that are necessary for having and raising children are morally required. Extramarital sex, homo, masturbation = morally wrong |
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| Knowledge ofthe world and of God = good. Suppression of religious and scientific ideas = bad. |
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| Living together and cooperate for mutual benefit = good. Activities that destroy bonds, like lying, slander, adultery = bad |
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| Aquinas on Sexual Morality |
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| Natural Vices & Unnatural Vices are the two diff kinds of morally wrong sex acts |
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| sex outside of marriage, whether it be fornication or adultery |
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| Sex not open to procreation, ie masturbation, homo, beastality |
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| Kant's Enlightment Project |
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| Concerned w/ securing natural science, morality, politics and religion |
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| Moral obligatons are binding on all rational agents b/c they are requirements of reason. Specifically practical, which concerns ones capacity to deliberate and make future choices; unconditional |
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| non-moral constraints on choice and action; optional; conditionary binding. |
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| sentences expressing execptionless moral rules; unconditionary binding; universal |
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| some end of action that can be a source of the unconditional requirements of morality. Humans = dignity |
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| Supreme principle of morality |
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| the categorical imperative, thus a foundation for moral requirements; right conduct |
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| is what gives persons dignity. "A capacity, inherent in all rational agents to act freely on the basis of reason and independently of our desires"; humanity |
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| The Humanity Formulation of the Categorical Imperative |
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| Never use others as the ONLY menas to our own end. Never use them where we fail to RESPECT their humanity. Deception and coersion = ALWAYS wrong |
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| Negative/Positive duties to ourselves or others. Four total |
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| Negative duties to ourselves |
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| Actions tht we must NOT perform in order to show proper respect. ex. = Suicide |
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| actions that we must NOT perform in order to show proper respect for others. Ex. = false promises |
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| Postive duties to ourselves |
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| goals that we must adopt in order to show proper respect for self. ex. self-perfection |
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| Goals that we must adopt in order to show proper respect for others. Ex. = beneficence, helping others |
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| Deception, coercion, exploitation |
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| lying or withholding info about sexual orientation, in love, BC, STDs. |
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| using physical force or threatening some harm to win consent; occurent & dispositional; different proposals |
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| actual force; destroys consent. |
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| threat or offer; undermines consent; |
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| "If you do NOT... undesirable" |
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| consent may be severely constrained by genuine need; not voluntary. Enticing offers = morally unproblematic. Exploiltative offers = morally wrong. |
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be thought as the maxim of benevolence
(practical love), which results in beneficence. not to be understood as feeling, that is, as pleasure in the
perfection of others |
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| to be understood as the maxim of limiting our self-esteem by the dignity of humanity in another person, and so as respect in the practical sense. not to be understood as the mere feeling that comes from comparing our own worth with another’s |
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| Two Kinds of Failures of Respect |
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| Manipulation & Paternalism |
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| Using personal knowledge to confront w/ dilemna which requires them to sacrifice |
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| imposing one's own conception of the other's ends or interets on them |
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| in intimate sex, failing to give the positive encouragment needed by the other in the pursuit of their ends. |
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