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| the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, and ethical statements, attitudes, and judgments. |
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| An implicit agreement between the members of a society that facilitates the functioning of that society |
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| what's good in ethics is a reflection of the ultimate good that is inherent in God himself. God's commands institutionalize this good because they are in keeping with God's nature. |
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| the rational analysis of the concepts, doctrines, and problematic issues found within religious belief systems |
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| Antony Flew used what argument? |
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| the epistemological argument |
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| examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. |
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| the view that truth and falsity are relative; in other words, no statements are “objectively” true or false. Truth is relative to a person or a culture. |
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| Epistemological relativism |
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| the view that morality is relative. |
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| Ethical relativism is the view that morality is relative. An ethical relativist restricts relativism to ethical matters; an ethical relativist might not be an epistemological relativist. For example, an ethical relativist might accept the possibility of scientific truth but deny the possibility of truth in ethics. |
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| The opposite of ethical relativism is... |
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| The opposite of ethical relativism is ethical absolutism. |
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| This view is often expressed as the aphorism "The ends justify the means". it is usually understood as distinct from deontology, in that deontology derives the rightness or wrongness of an act from the character of the act itself rather than the outcomes of the action |
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| mindset that derives the rightness or wrongness of an act from the character of the act itself rather than the outcomes of the action |
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| who was into utilitarianism? |
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| who was into hedonistic utilitarianism? |
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| who was into ethical altruism? |
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| who was into deontological theory? |
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| immanuel kant (he said the most important thing was doing your moral duty, especially when it doesn't benefit you) |
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| non-consequentialist theory says that People should be free to do as they like as long as they respect the freedom of others to do the same. |
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| the four dimensions of human experience are... |
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| the intellectual, aesthetic, moral, and spiritual |
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| the idea that evaluative language does not convey any form of knowing at all, but is merely expressive in function |
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| noncognitivism is also known as the what? |
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| Manichaeism: God is not perfectly good. |
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| J.S. Mill: God is not omnipotent. |
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| 2 Thess. 3:16, “May the Lord of peace himself give you peace always by all means. May the Lord be with you all.” |
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| a response to the challenge of problem of evil. |
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| says that god does not create evil, but he allows evil to develop in order to try, strengthen, and purify us |
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says that in order for free will to exist, we must possess the ability to choose evil as well as good
god gave humanity free will, but god did not cause our evil choices
humans, not god, are responsible for the evil they choose to do |
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says that god could have created a world without evil, but it would be a world devoid of intercession, compassion, heroism, and mercy.
God created a world in which both evil and triumph over evil are possible because this kind of world is better than the alternative |
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| the best possible world argument |
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| who advocated the free will defense? |
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| who advocated the best possible world theodicy? |
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| who had the cosmological argument? |
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why are we here?
Aristotle: |
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why are we here?
Revelation 4:11: |
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| four types of fears of death |
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fear of...
the process of dying (pain); punishment (hell); the unknown; annihilation |
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| 4 philosophical arguments showing why we needn't fear death |
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| the natural process argument; necessity argument; agnostic argument; Epicurus' argument (he was an atomist who said: once we're dead, death can't hurt us) |
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| 4 human attempts at defeating death |
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| social immortality (one's children); cultural immortality; cosmic immortality; and scientific immortality |
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| death is virtually inevitable |
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| death is not the end of existence |
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| death may involve punishment, but may also involve reward |
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| death can be something to look forward to |
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| the difference between a consequentialist and nonconsequentialist theory |
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| consequentialist theories base the merit of rules or actions entirely on their end results. nonconsequentialist theories look at other things, or additional criteria |
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| the view that the criteria by which an action should be judged as right or wrong is the ability of that action to produce happiness (or pleasure, satisfaction of needs etc.) |
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| the view that the criterion by which an action should be judged as right or wrong is its ability to produce happiness for the individual contemplating the action |
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| the view that the criterion by which an action should be judged as right or wrong is the ability of that action to produce the greatest good for the most people |
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| Utilitarianism (social hedonism) |
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founder of Epicurianism
influenced by pre-Socratic atomists Leucippus and Democritus
he believed we are composed by atoms--physicalist
we are only material--no afterlife
health of the body and peace of mind are the criteria that should govern out actions. |
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| -Epicurus; he was an egoistic hedonist |
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20th century author who fled the Soviet Union
reacted against socialism, defended the rights of the individual
popularized her philosophy in fictional works such as Atlas Shrugged |
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| Ayn Rand; she was an egoistic hedonist |
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-Jeremy Bentham: 19th century english founder of Utilitarianism
-John Stuart Mill: most famous; 19th century English advocate of Utilitarianism
-John Rawls: 20th century American proponent of Utilitarianism |
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| Jeremy Bentham was the founder of... |
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| john stuart mill was the most famous advocate of... |
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| john rawls was the 20th century american proponent of... |
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includes the following:
-G.E. Moore, the naturalistic fallacy: can ought be derived from is?
-difficult to predict immediate/long range consequences of actions
-seems to imply that evil means can be used to achieve good ends
-most people sense an altruistic impulse. Is altruism compatible with egoistic hedonism?
-if individuals only look out for their own best interest, can society survive? |
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Definition
Argument AGAINST egoistic hedonism:
-G.E. Moore, the naturalistic fallacy: can ought be derived from is?
-difficult to predict immediate/long range consequences of actions
-seems to imply that evil means can be used to achieve good ends
-most people sense an altruistic impulse. Is altruism compatible with egoistic hedonism?
-if individuals only look out for their own best interest, can society survive? |
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includes the following:
-defends the rights of the individual
-encourages self reliance/discourages dependency on others
-Epicurus' version encourages you to take care of your body and mind |
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Definition
Arguments FOR egoistic hedonism:
-defends the rights of the individual
-encourages self reliance/discourages dependency on others
-Epicurus' version encourages you to take care of your body and mind |
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includes the following:
-encourages care for others
-engenders a strong society
-it seems to be in harmony with the altruistic impulse found in many religions and philosophies |
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Definition
Arguments FOR utilitarianism:
-encourages care for others
-engenders a strong society
-it seems to be in harmony with the altruistic impulse found in many religions and philosophies |
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includes the following:
-may commit the naturalistic fallacy
-difficult to predict immediate/long range consequences of actions
-seems to imply that evil means can be used to achieve good ends
-doesn't help us choose between actions having equal consequences
-seems to entail that we don't take ourselves into consideration..is that good? |
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Definition
Arguments AGAINST utilitarianism:
-may commit the naturalistic fallacy
-difficult to predict immediate/long range consequences of actions
-seems to imply that evil means can be used to achieve good ends
-doesn't help us choose between actions having equal consequences
-seems to entail that we don't take ourselves into consideration..is that good? |
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| the three non-consequentialist theories discussed in class... |
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Definition
| duty (deontologocal) ethics of Kant; the virtue ethics of Aristotle; natural law theory of Aristotle and Aquinas |
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| the chief virtue ethicist |
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| Kant's categorical imperative |
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| Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law |
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| our purpose in life that, according to Aristotle, we cannot be happy unless we fufill it |
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| the fundamental principles of ethical conduct are rationally discernible in human nature and the natural world |
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| focus on the character of a person rather than the character of an action (virtues are character traits of people, not actions) |
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| problem with virtue ethics |
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| they never provide an example of what a real or even hypothetically virtuous person should be like |
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| the four theories on the source of moral good |
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| social contract theory; divine command theory; ethical realism; divine nature theory (divine nature theory is the best one |
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| who advocated the Irenaean theodicy? |
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| Ireneaus and later John Hick |
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| who spoke of "that than which none greater can be conceived"? |
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| St. Anselm of Canterbury (the ontological argument) |
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| William Paley advocated what? |
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| the teleological argument (if it looks designed, it must have a designer) |
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| who advocated the moral argument? |
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| Who advocated the Prudential Argument? |
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| Blaise Pascal (Pascal's Wager) |
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| Who advocated the argument from religious experience? |
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| John Hick (we all have religious experiences, so either we're all crazy or we might actually be onto something) |
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| helping others is the true source of happiness (deny yourself, take up your cross...) |
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| The Agnostic Argument concerning death: |
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| The Agnostic Argument: we don't know what death will be like, because we've never been dead if we're alive now (obviously) so how do we know it will be bad/what it will be like at all? We don't have any idea, so we should just be neutral and deal with it when it comes. |
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| the epistemological theory that was advocated in class and was applied to ethics. |
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| o non-Cartesian foundationalism |
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