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- 1800s Britain
- BIG Ideas: moral regeneration, improvement of mankind
- Lesser Ideas: Utilitarianism (but distinguished quality of pleasure from quantity of pleasure), everyone should have liberty |
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- 500-400 B.C. China
- BIG Ideas: Personal growth and governmental morality
- Lesser Ideas: correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity, children should be respectful, leadership is an act of excellence |
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- 1700s Italy
- Big Ideas: education should be developmentally appropriate, rules in society are from the general will
- "Social Contract"- citizen in society has contract with society that rules will be followed in exchange for protection in society/city |
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- 1800s German
- "Father of Existentialism" - Existentialism= the individual is solely responsible for giving his or her own life meaning and for living that life passionately and sincerely in spite of many existential obstacles and distractions - Founder of Christian psychology - Coined term "Christiandom" (spelled that way on outline) - Wanted people to be Christian for themselves and not just join for the crowd |
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- 1900s France
- Created books on the histories of thoughts and how they evolved over time, ex. sexuality, crime and punishment, the prison system
- Looked at how sexuality is a means of social control
- Died of AIDS |
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- 1600s Britain
- Big Ideas: civil rights, rights be protected by government, ideas come from senses or reflection of what's going on around you, words come from ideas |
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- 1900s USA
- Still alive today
- Big Ideas: sets of states or parallel dimensions called "worlds" and transitioning between them is called "accessibility"
- Lesser Ideas: Frege Russell Theory Rejection (silver may not actually be silver and what we call Aristotle may not be Aristotle. We must say "this stuff is silver", etc.) |
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- 500-400 B.C. China
- Found of Taoism
- Said to have lived to be 100 years old and was last seen traveling to China's border
- Taoism= goal is to become one with tao (the way), inwardly achieving the universal rule of the reruns to origins
- Tao= One, which is natural, eternal, spontaneous, nameless, indescribable
- Famous work- Tao Te Ching |
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- 1800s USA
- Transcendentalist (humans' connection to nature is a necessity for logical and ethical stability)
- Abolitionist (individuals should not let government be unjust or all-powerful)
- Most famous work- Walden (based on his two years at Walden Pond in solitude) |
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-1700's Scotland
-Based off John Lock's ideas
-Big Ideas: Sense experience and skepticism, Problem of Causation, Bundle Theory, Induction, Science of Man
-Major works: A Treatise of Human Nature |
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| -1700's French -Critiques French political system -Big ideas: Freedom of religion, freedom of expression, civil liberties, free market economics -Famous works: Candide |
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-1200's Italy
-Took Aristotles teaching and infused Christianity
-"Father of the church"
-Big ideas: God is in all things, contemplation in action, god is the beginning and the end,
-Major works: Summa Theologiae, Summa contra gentiles, |
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-1700's German
-Big ideas: Combined empiricism and rationalism, Supreme principal of morality, the categorical imperative
-Major works: Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Critique of Practical Reason |
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-1600's Dutch
-Excommunicated from Amsterdam
-Big Ideas:Denying the immortality of the soul, there is no "good god" who acts on free will,
-Major works: Ethics, Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect,
-Famous quotes: "Whatever is, is either in itself or in another." |
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-1800's American
-Big ideas: Transcendentalism, the relationship between the soul and the outside world, connecting with nature
-Major works: Nature, Essays: First Series, Essays: Second Series |
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-1900's French
-close relationship with Sartre
-Bid ideas: Existentialist, Idealist, wrote about identity/defining who one is. Contributed greatly to 20th century feminism/women's equality
-Major works: Ethics of Ambiguity, Pyrrhus and Cineas, The Second Sex |
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-1800's British
-Big Ideas: love and knowledge raised him, pity brought him back to earth. contorversial views on sexual acts.
-Major Works: Russell's Paradox, A History of Western Philosophy, Russell-Einstein Manifesto |
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| Georg Wilhelm Friederich Hegel |
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-1700's German
-Big Ideas: Spirit History and Freedom are interconnected, aiming to achieve Self-Consciousness; Consciousness-how one seeks to know objects, self-consciousness-how one seeks to know themselves. Master/Slave dialect: Master wants recognition, slave submits to action.
-Major Works: N/A |
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-1800's German
-Big Ideas: Eternal recurrence, man is driven by power
-Major Works: Thus Spoke Zarathurstra, Beyond Good and Evil, The Antichrist |
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-1900's American
-Big Ideas: Chinese Room Argument that a mind is not like a computer, we don't have Free Will
-Major Works: Mind: A Brief Introdction, The Problem of Consciousness, The Construction of Social Reality |
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-born in England in 1588
-Died in 1679 at the age of 91
-Uncle took interest in his education and paid for it
-studied at Oxford
-theories were greatly shaped by the English Civil War that occurred during his lifetime
-cynical outlook on poltics
-BIG Ideas: Separation of science/state and religion, "Social Contract" (or Golden Rule); rejected Aristotle's beliefs, laid groundwork for sociology
Major works: Leviathan |
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-born July 31, 1926 in Chicago, Illinois
-studied at University of Pennsylvania (BA in Math/Phil), UCLA in 1951 (PHD in Phil)
-worked at Northwestern Uni. 1952-1953, Princeton Uni. 1953-1961, Mass Institute of Tech. 1961-1965, Harvard 1965 till retire in 2000
-President of American Philosophical Association (Eastern Division), the Philosophy of Science Association and the Association for Symbolic Logic
-Recipient of Rolf Schlock Prize in Logic and Phil. by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
-main areas of study: phil of science, phil of language, phil of mind, phil of logic, phil of math, metaphysics, epistemology, phil of ethics, phil of politics
-BIG Ideas: Twin Earth (there is another earth like the one we live in which exists a twin of every person -- the result of this is that "the contents of a person's brain are not sufficient to determine the reference of terms they use" aka "meanings just ain't in the head")
- Brain in a vat (If a brain in a vat stated "i am a brain in a vat" it would always be stating a falsehood/ if the brain lived in the "real" world then it is not a brain in a vat - however if the brain making this statement is really in a vat then the brain is really stating "I am what nerve stimuli have convinced me is a brain and I reside in an image that I have been convinced is called a vat")
-works: Philosophy of Logic, Realism and Reason; The "Innateness Hypothesis"and Explanatory Models in Linguistics; Reason, Truth and History; Mathematics, Matter and Method |
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-born May 5, 1818/ died March 14, 1883 (65 years old)
- born outside of Trier, Germany
-went to University of Bonn to study law
- became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen
- then attended University of Berlin -> interest in Philosophy (mainly in the ideas of a group called the Young Hegelians)
-married in 1843 and moved to Paris where he started writing for newspapers.
-Major works: The communist Manifesto; The German Ideology; Capital
-BIG ideas: Society doomed by class struggle (private property behind it all)
-communism is classless and will prevent this
-change is needed and it must be something new (violence should be used to enforce) (must be wanted by the working class)
-predicted that Germany will be the first to start a communist revolution |
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-born Nov 7, 1913 in French Algeria
-raised in extreme poverty: Father dead, mother unable to work, lived with 7-8 other people
-attended University of Algiers (paid his own way)
-in 1930 he contracted tuberculosis, unable to pursue education and dream job (teaching)
-world war II he moved to Paris and works at a newspaper, aimed against the German Occupation
- develops the idea of absurd - we are surrounded by death = no meaning tin life
-died Jan 4, 1960 (46 years old in a car crash)
-BIG ideas: Widely identified as existentialist (denounced movement) -- belief that there is no greater purpose of meaning in life beyond physical existence/ uninterested in "solving" alienation, characters relish in solitude
-The Absurd - the universe has no rational order; it is chaotic with actions relying on chance of circumstance (only thing we can count on is the certainty of death)
-basically LIFE HAS NO MEANING!
-the "Absurd man" finds balance - lives with knowledge of mortality and the absurd world, but does not fully accept either idea
-Works: "The Stranger" and Philosophy |
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-born April 27, 1759 in Spitalfields, London
-Died in London, England on Sept 10 1797 (38 years old)
-received an education from a reverend although she was poor
-established a school in Newington Green with her sisters Eliza and Everina and their friend Fanny Blood
-tried to commit suicide
- married another writer, William Godwin
- BIG ideas: expressed that the happiness of individual people was dependent on society
- believed that women's minds had to be "trained" in order for them to have self worth (done by education)
-People have the ability to reason
-society was full of greedy hypocrites with inflated egos
-it should be the goals of society as a whole to respect individual people
-need to make reasoning a priority over our own self-love (greed)
-works: Mary: A Novel; A Vindication of the Rights of Men; A Vindication of the Rights of Women; Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark |
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-1900s Russian/American
-Objectivism: philosophy for living on earth. Focus on self-interest and motivations; act for yourself, not for others. Supported Laissez-faire, separation or state and economy.
-Major Works: The Fountainhead, Atlas Shrugged |
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-1700s Irish
-Influenced Locke, Malebranche, and Descartes
-Idealism. Objects existence do not come from matter. Empirical Theory of Vision.
-Major works: An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. |
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-Late 1500s-early 1600s English
-Served as the Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England
-Empiricism
-Major Works: Novum Organum, many others but Novum is most popular |
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-1900s French
-Awarded and turned down Nobel Prize
-Existentialism and Marxism
-Major Works: Being & Nothingness, No Exit, Existentialism is a Humanism |
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-1900s Austrian/English
-Influenced by his time spent as a WWI officer
-Contributions: Theory of language; how language works with logic. "Logical Positivism"
-Major Works: Tracatus, Philisophical Investigations |
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-1800s American
-psychologist, philosopher, and physicain
-Contributions: Pragmatism, Functionalism, James-Lang Theory of Emotion
-Major Works: The Principles of Psychology, The Will to Believe, The Varieties of Religious Experience, Pragmatism |
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