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| resemblances between natural and artificial things mean that they have similar causes—something intelligent. |
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Argues against "Argument from Design"
The Self as a Bundle |
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| Ontological Argument for God |
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| Ontological Argument for God |
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| o If it’s perfect it MUST have the property of existence, because something that does not exist cannot be perfect. Greatest thinkable thing. |
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| Problems with Ontological Argument |
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| Only applies to God, allows for anything perfect to exist, what about the "greatest integer"? |
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| Ultimate mover/ultimate causation; must be something that ALWAYS exists because nothing cannot exist; must be supreme entity to be source of goodness; non-conscious objects that work toward goal must be directed somehow. |
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| Problems with Five Proofs for God |
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| What if the argument is circular? What if not everything has an explanation? |
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| If you believe in God, and there is a God, when you die you are granted happiness; if not, nothing happens. |
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| Problems with Pascal's Wager |
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| hypocritical to believe on such grounds. what if this systems is not how things work? |
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| You must choose between fear of error (agnosticism/atheism) or hope that it is true (religion/believing) |
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| o Assumptions in argument lead to contradiction, therefore assumption is false |
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| o The conclusion can be known to be true “by reason alone.” |
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| o The conclusion can be only known to be true by reason supplemented by observation. |
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| Body/soul seperate; soul contains truths that can be known, body does not; Body doesn't know things |
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| Problems with The Immortal Soul |
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| Doesn't actually prove mind is separate from body |
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| Anaology from The Immortal Soul |
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| Lyre/harmony - harmony still exists if the lyre is broken, however it needs the lyre to be evident |
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| • Since it is possible to doubt the existence of the body, but not of one’s own existence, there must be a soul separate from the body |
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| You say a chair is real. A skeptic says you cannot prove it is real because you cannot prove you are not dreaming. |
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| The Problem of Other Minds |
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| The Problem of Other Minds |
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| • How do I know that other walking and speaking figures I see have minds? Infer from similar behavior. |
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| Problems with "The Problem of Other Minds" |
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| o Proper use of words about mental states comes from observations of others in those states. Therefore the problem of the mind does not exist. |
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| The Hallmarks of Mental Phneomena |
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| The Hallmarks of Mental Phneomena |
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| o All and only mental phenomena have intentionality (aboutness) |
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| The Myth of the Ghost in the Machine |
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| The Myth of the Ghost in the Machine |
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o The mind is not a separate thing, it’s part of the body, which is the way things are organized (i.e. university VS separate buildings)
Category-mistake. |
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| The Self and Consciousness |
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| The Self and Consciousness |
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Distinguish PERSON from HUMAN BEING
Someone is the same person if they remember a deed done in the same consciousness
Brain transplant = same person, different human being |
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| Refutes Locke. The Self as a Primitive Concept |
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| The Self as a Primitive Concept |
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In Locke's theory there is no moral responsibility.
Ridiculous to conclude the existence of our faculties, because for this we must use those very faculties. |
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| Against Argument from Design |
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| The universe is inherently unique; we usually base our knowledge of design on experience of previous similar items |
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Self is only successive, rapid acts of consciousness
Bundle of perceptions
No real identity to it |
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| Gradually replace parts of a ship over the years. Neighbors build a ship of the old parts. Which ship is identical to the original? |
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| Heap of stones. Remove one stone, still same heap. Remove all but one, still same heap; however is one stone a heap? |
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| Wrote for God's foreknowledge AND free will being compatible. God knows our character and/or can see the future and therefore knows what we will choose. |
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| all our actions are casually necessitated by events prior to our choice |
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| determined by events prior |
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| the action is what you want |
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| brought about by your will |
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| Free will + determinism not compatible. For example, in order to place blame, the action must be in the person's power. If we don't have control over the will we do not have control over what we do. |
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| No free will, but rather free ACTION. Will is determined (does not have control over self), and therefore our actions are free AND determined. |
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| Determinism compatible with freedom of action |
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| Freedom of the will exists, is not compatible with determinism |
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| Freedom of will does not exist because it is not compatible with determinism |
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| Based on laws of motion, actions of objects can be predicted. An intelligence knows the formula to predict all actions of the world. Every act caused by prior event. Problem - big jump from predicting some actions to predicting ALL actions |
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| against determinism - action caused by an objective lack, which is not natural. Action determined by what we value and see as a lack. |
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| Whether our actions are determined has no effect on the way we behave toward each other - Participant Reactive Attitude. Excuses - didn't mean to, not myself, autistic. |
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| Participant Reactive Attitude |
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| Natural response toward others feelings/actions toward us |
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| Strawson's Action Excuses |
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First group - agent: didn't mean to, didn't know
Second group, 1st sub: short term non agent (wasn't myself, hypnotized), long-term non-agent (autistic) |
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| Benefits of justice = benefits of simply appearing just. Justice disagreeable in itself but good for the results |
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| Plato on Morality and the Good Life |
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| Justice inherently good; morals make one's life happier, valuable |
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| Aristotle on Morality and the Good Life |
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| Happiness greatest good, result of fulfilling our purpose. Human function activity involving reason. Need to have neither excess (foolishness) nor deficiency (cowardice). Virtue a way of having feelings. |
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| have right feelings at the right time, on the right grounds, toward the right people, for the right purpose and in the right way |
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| Natural capacity to acquire but developed by habit |
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| Argue that we are naturally sympathetic because of self interest (orderly society, relationships, etc) |
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| Morality by reason. the only good thing without qualifications is good will. Motives of duty. |
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| Your personal rule must be able to be universal to be motive of duty. |
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| Utilitarianism - one must be impartial to one's own VS. others' happiness. Objection: Should balance own happiness with others' |
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| Some people more worth saving than others - Mother Teresa VS. the garbage man |
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| Must be OK'd by authority, just cause, good intentions, self defense without intention of killing but recognized as possible outcome. |
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| Just War Theory proportionality |
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| weapon of defense must not be hugely out of proportion to weapon of assault, or no more than absolutely necessary |
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| Ethical duties to environment - currently no ethic about land, still seen as property (as slaves once were). Must slow down pace of exploitation of land, conservation (understand capacity of land to restore itself) |
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| If there is suffering, and our sacrifice is less than their suffering, we should try to alleviate it (to a reasonable extent) |
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| Abortion - violinist example; people-seeds and screens example (contraception) |
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| If God has foreknowledge, he knows the order of causes, which means everything happens for a cause and there is no free will. |
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| We do not need to deny ourselves pleasures; we should not ignore that we are also physical |
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| Submit yourself to the fact that nature is not within your control; appreciate this; and try to alleviate others' suffering. |
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| No such thing as happiness; either satisfied or bored. The past does not exist so it is not important; the present will soon be the past so better not put too much effort into it. |
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