Term
| Distinguish between the aim of rhetoric and the aim of logic and critical thinking. |
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Definition
Rhetoric:
1. Persuade somebody to believe/do something the speaker wants them to believe/do.
Logic and Critical Thinking:
1. Discover, explain, and apply methods to determine of any argument whether it is good or bad. |
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Term
| Explain the distinction between logic and psychology. |
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Definition
Logic-
1. Relationships between propositions, and how truth values of certain propositions necessitate truths of others.
2. It is evaluative.
3. Independent of states of affairs.
4. A priori.
Psychology:
1. Causal relations within human behavior.
2. Why we do certain things under certain conditions.
3. Empirically.
4. Descriptive, natural science. |
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Term
| Using distinction between propositions and states of affairs, explain what "true" and "false" mean. |
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Definition
1. Apply laws of logic.
2. Anything that does not satisfy laws of logic is not a proposition.
3. Therefore, SOA is not a proposition.
4. SOA just arrangements of things in the world.
5. "True" when correctly describes SOA. |
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Term
| Instead of asking "Is that a fact or an opinion?" What should we ask? |
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Definition
1. What is the SOA in question?
2. Is the proposition about the SOA actually true?
3. Does the person believe the proposition about the SOA to be true?
4. Has justification been provided that the SOA is actually true?
5. Is the justification provided a good argument for the truth of the proposition? |
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Term
| Distinguish between content propaganda and vocabulary propaganda. What makes vocabulary propaganda especially deceptive? |
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Definition
Content propaganda:
1. Truth values of propositions.
2. Force, authority to claim that true propositions are false and that false propositions are true.
Content propaganda:
1. Distorts the language in order to get the listener to believe/do what the speaker wants them to believe/do.
2. Uses cliches, worn our imagery, complicated verb phrases, foreign loan words, and ambiguous/meaningless words to distort the language. |
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Term
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Definition
| An argument is a set of propositions such that the truth of one (the conclusion) is supposed to be supported by the truth of the others (the premises.) |
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Term
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Definition
| An argument is inductive if and only if it is more likely to be true than to be false given the truth of it's premises, i.e., inductive arguments suppose that if the premises were true, then the conclusion would be more likely to be true than to be false. |
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Term
| Informal Fallacy: False Dilemma |
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Definition
| Disjunctions need not give all possible alternatives. Can be misused to produce misleading, but rhetorically effective arguments. |
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Term
| How are modal concepts connected with the assessment of deductive reasoning? |
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Definition
1. Define valid deductive argument.
2. Validity, then requires the relationship between premises and conclusion to be one of necessity.
3. Does not matter if premises are ACTUALLY true.
4. None of these relationships could be explained without modal concepts. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a conditional proposition that express a logical implication and a conditional proposition that expresses a material conditional? |
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Definition
| Logical implications have propositions that are implied with necessity. They do not merely say if P then Q. They say "If P is true, then Q must be true." In other words, P implies Q with necessity. |
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Term
| Name the four appeals to emotions in place of support. |
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Definition
1. Appeal to fear (scare tactics)
2. Appeal to pity/sympathy
3. Appeal to flattery
4. Appeal to other emotions |
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Term
| Most people beieve P is true. Therefore, P is true. |
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Definition
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Term
| Everyone cheats on tests, therefore, it is okay to cheat on tests. |
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Definition
| Appeal to common practice. |
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Term
| Most people really like the new gadgetec computer. Therefore, this is the best computer to buy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Jane says drug use is morally wrong. Jane is a douchebag. Therefore, drug use is not morally wrong. |
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Definition
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Term
| Of course the senator from maine opposed a reduction in naval spending. After all, Bath Ironworks, which produces warships, is in Maine. |
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Definition
| Ad hominem circumstantial. |
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Term
"It is morally wrong to use animals for food coloring."
"But you're wearing a leather jacket!" |
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Definition
| Ad hominem tu quoque. (You're one too!) |
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Term
| Wayne and Bill are objectionable people. Wayne and Bill are supporting Steve for department chair. Therefore, Lizzy should not support Steve for department chair. |
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Definition
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Term
| The next speaker, who opposes my plans, does not have the best wishes of the university at heart. Therefore, whatever he has to say should be rejected. |
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Definition
| Poisoning the well. (Trying to bias the audience before the speaker says anything.) |
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Term
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Definition
| "May be true for you, but not true for me." Confuse people with the propositions that they are addressing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A question that really contains two different questions is used to seduce the audience into treating the whole conjunction as true. |
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Term
| When a word or phrase has more than one meaning. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Words or phrases in a sentence can serve more than one grammatical function. |
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Term
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Definition
| We cannot assume that features of the parts are also features of the whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| We cannot assume that features of the whole are also features of the parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| P, therefore P. Do not lend any indepenent support other than the mere dogmatic assertion of the conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distorts original argument, then attacks the distorted version, claims to have refuted the original argument. |
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Term
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Definition
| The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion. |
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Term
| Explain why we may not be justified in believing any arbitrary list of propositions. |
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Definition
1. State the two constraints to the truth values of propositions.
2. If we examine propositions independently, we are neglecting logical relations that might necessitate the truth of that proposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A proposition is simple if and only if it has no parts that are also propositions. |
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Term
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Definition
| State of affairs or event S is a sufficient condition for a state of affairs or event N if and only if the occurrence of S is enough for N to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of affairs or event N is a necessary condition for the state of affairs or event S if and only if N must occur for S to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| two propositions are logically related if any only if the truth value of one proposition depends on the truth value of the other. |
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Term
| Logically inconsistent propositions |
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Definition
| A set of propositions is logically inconsistent if any only if it is impossible for all of its members to be true. |
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Term
| Contradictory propositions |
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Definition
| Two propositions are contradictory if any only if it is impossible for both propositions to be true and it is not possible for both propositions to be false. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two propositions are contrary if and only if it is impossible for both propositions to be true while it is possible for both propositions to be false. |
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Term
| Contingently related propositions |
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Definition
| Two propositions are contigently related if and only if the truth value of one proposition does not depend on the truth value of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A proposition is contingent if any only if that proposition is not necessarily true nor necessarily false. |
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Term
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Definition
| An argument is an enthymeme if and only if it is an argument which leaves either the conclusion or one or more of the premises unstated. |
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