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| St. Augustine's view on self |
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| There is a self accountable to God |
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| self is how we behave (behavioralism) |
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| Materialism's view on self |
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| self is brain/body. mind is inseparable from brain |
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| Husserl and Merlau's view on self |
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| can not separate self from body |
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| knowledge independent of experience (prior) |
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| knowledge of experience (post) |
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all human actions are determined;
freedom is an illusion feelings are illusionary;
free will does not exist;
action is based on strongest motive;
every event including human action are brought about by previous events in accordance with universal causal laws that govern the world.
ex: Freud, Skinner |
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1) Make increasing your freedom a priority
2) Accept your freedom and responsibility
3) Emphasize your ability to create yourself through your free choices
4) become aware of your restraints on your freedom
5) Create new options to choose from, instead of accepting options at hand |
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| 4 factors in freedom to make choices |
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1) Human nature
2) The Environment
3) Psychological Factors
4) Social Dynamics |
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| St. Augustine's Beliefs (Chapter 3.5) |
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-immortal souls try to achieve union with God through faith and reason
-Plato's "transient and finite nature of the physical world" became a proving ground for our eternal destinies
-early in life he says the body is a cage for the soul
-later in life: the body is the spouse of the soul so that man can be complete |
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2 very different, separate things exist:
Material substance (physical body)
immaterial substance (mind or soul) |
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| belief system depends upon 5 categories: |
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1) human nature
2) Environment (experiences)
3) Psychological forces (many unconscious)
4) Social dynamics (influenced by people around them)
5) Free choice |
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Some events, including human actions, are not determined-- freedom is possible
ie william james, American Pragmatist, Epistomologist
"there is no fixed world to be uncovered through experience but rather a continuous quest for workable solutions to difficulties" |
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aka Compatibilism. all events are caused, but we consider human actions free if they are a result of internal motivation as opposed to external influences/constraints. we make choices based on statistical probabilities (NOT free will) but we believe we have free will and are held accountable for choices;
we have feelings that must be dealt with
ex: thief steals voluntarily, but a kleptomaniac steals involuntarily |
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| all aspects of the universe are composed of matter and energy and can be explained by physical laws |
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| materialist's view on self |
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| mental states are inseparable from physical brain states |
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| Churchland's view of self |
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| eliminative materialism; we can't just see brain=mind, but we must also discuss the mind, consciousness and human experience |
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