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Phil 101 Chapter 3-4
Chapter 3-4 Test
23
Philosophy
Undergraduate 1
06/01/2008

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Term
Plato's view on self
Definition
There is a self
Term
St. Augustine's view on self
Definition
There is a self accountable to God
Term
Descartes's view on self
Definition
self is a thing
Term
Locke's view on self
Definition
self is consciousness
Term
Hume's view on self
Definition
There is no self
Term
Kant's view on self
Definition
self is constructed
Term
Freud's view on self
Definition
there are two selves
Term
Ryle's view on self
Definition
self is how we behave (behavioralism)
Term
Materialism's view on self
Definition
self is brain/body. mind is inseparable from brain
Term
Husserl and Merlau's view on self
Definition
can not separate self from body
Term
a priori
Definition
knowledge independent of experience (prior)
Term
a posteria
Definition
knowledge of experience (post)
Term
Determinists
Definition
all human actions are determined;

freedom is an illusion feelings are illusionary;

free will does not exist;

action is based on strongest motive;

every event including human action are brought about by previous events in accordance with universal causal laws that govern the world.

ex: Freud, Skinner
Term
ways to increase freedom
Definition
1) Make increasing your freedom a priority
2) Accept your freedom and responsibility
3) Emphasize your ability to create yourself through your free choices
4) become aware of your restraints on your freedom
5) Create new options to choose from, instead of accepting options at hand
Term
4 factors in freedom to make choices
Definition
1) Human nature
2) The Environment
3) Psychological Factors
4) Social Dynamics
Term
St. Augustine's Beliefs (Chapter 3.5)
Definition
-immortal souls try to achieve union with God through faith and reason
-Plato's "transient and finite nature of the physical world" became a proving ground for our eternal destinies
-early in life he says the body is a cage for the soul
-later in life: the body is the spouse of the soul so that man can be complete
Term
dualism
Definition
2 very different, separate things exist:
Material substance (physical body)
immaterial substance (mind or soul)
Term
belief system depends upon 5 categories:
Definition
1) human nature
2) Environment (experiences)
3) Psychological forces (many unconscious)
4) Social dynamics (influenced by people around them)
5) Free choice
Term
Indeterminism
Definition
Some events, including human actions, are not determined-- freedom is possible
ie william james, American Pragmatist, Epistomologist

"there is no fixed world to be uncovered through experience but rather a continuous quest for workable solutions to difficulties"
Term
Soft determinism
Definition
aka Compatibilism. all events are caused, but we consider human actions free if they are a result of internal motivation as opposed to external influences/constraints. we make choices based on statistical probabilities (NOT free will) but we believe we have free will and are held accountable for choices;

we have feelings that must be dealt with

ex: thief steals voluntarily, but a kleptomaniac steals involuntarily
Term
Materialism
Definition
all aspects of the universe are composed of matter and energy and can be explained by physical laws
Term
materialist's view on self
Definition
mental states are inseparable from physical brain states
Term
Churchland's view of self
Definition
eliminative materialism; we can't just see brain=mind, but we must also discuss the mind, consciousness and human experience
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