Term
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Definition
| is the study of reasoning. it investigates the level of correctness of the reasoning found in arguments. |
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Term
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| is a set of statements where some of the statements (the premises) are intended to support another (the conclusion). |
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| are the statements offered in support. Indicators: for, since, because, for the reason that, given that, when, whenever, if… |
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is one in which the premises are intended to guarantee the conclusion. |
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| is one in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion probable, without guaranteeing it. |
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| One where, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. |
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| Invalid Deductive Argument |
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Definition
is one in which is not necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true. |
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Term
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Definition
is a declarative sentence that is either true or false. These two possibilities are called truth value. |
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Definition
| is a valid argument in which all of the premises are true. |
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Term
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Definition
is one that either is invalid or has at least one false premise.
a) It is valid, but it has at least one false premise
b) It is invalid, but all of its premises are true
c) It is invalid and it has at least one false premise |
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Term
Famous Valid Forms
Modus ponens |
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Definition
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Term
Famous Valid Forms
Modus Tollens |
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Definition
If A, then B.
Not B.
So, not A. |
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Term
Famous Valid Forms
Hypothetical syllogism |
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Definition
If A, then B.
If B, then C.
So, if A then C.
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Term
Famous valid forms
disjunctive syllogism (two versions) |
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Definition
Either A or B. Either A or B.
Not A. Not B.
So, B. So, A. |
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Term
Famous Valid Forms
Constructive Dilemma |
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Definition
Either A or B.
If A, then C.
If B, then D.
So, either C or D. |
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Term
Famous Valid Forms
Unamed form |
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Definition
All A are B.
C is A.
So, C is B. |
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Famous Valid Forms
Unamed Form |
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Definition
No A are B.
C is B.
So, C is not B. |
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Term
Invalid Reasoning Forms
Fallacy of affirming the consequent
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Definition
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Term
Invalid Reasonign Forms
Fallacy of denying the antecedent |
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Definition
If A, then B.
Not A.
So, not B. |
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Term
Invalid Reasoning Forms
Fallacy of affirming disjunct (two versions) |
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Definition
Either A or B. Either A or B.
A. B.
So, not B. So, not A. |
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Term
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Definition
| It has all true premises and a false conclusion. It has a false conclusion b/c you want to prove it invalid. |
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Term
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Definition
any conditional statement is false when its antecedent is true, and the consequent is false; otherwise it is true. |
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Term
| Strong (inductive) argument |
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Definition
the premises provided a high degree of support for the conclusion |
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| Weak (inductive) argument |
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Definition
the premises provided a degree of support for the conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
strong argument and has all true premises |
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Definition
| weak or has some false premises |
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Term
| Abductive / good arguments |
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Definition
“inference to the best explanation to try to find the best hypothesis to best explain a phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a logical error that occurs in the form or structure of an argument and is restricted to deductive arguments |
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Term
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Definition
an argument that does not involve the explicit use of an invalid structure, and so we need to investigate the content of the argument
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Term
| Appeal to force (Ad baculum Fallacy) |
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Definition
| a conclusion is “defended” by a threat to well-being of those who do not accept it |
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| Appeal to pity (Ad misercardiam fallacy) |
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Definition
| attempt to “support” a conclusion merely by evoking pity of one’s audience when the statements that evoke pity are logically irrelevant to the conclusion |
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| Appeal to people (Adpopulum fallacy) |
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Definition
| attempt to persuade a person by appealing to the desire to be accepted or ruled by or valued by others |
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| Argument against the person (Ad hominem fallacy) |
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Definition
involves attacking the person who advances the argument and not the argument itself |
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Term
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Definition
| a fallacy that occurs when someones written or spoken words aretaken out of context. It purposely distorts the original argument to create new, weak argument that can be easily refuted. |
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Term
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Definition
| the intentional or unintentional use of different meanings of words or phrases in an argument |
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Term
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Definition
invalid inference from the nature of parts to the nature of the whole |
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Definition
the argument assumes as evidence in the premises the very thing that it attempts to prove in the conclusion. (circular reasoning) |
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| Appeal to unreliable authoirty |
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Definition
the credibility of the authority involved can be doubled |
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Term
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Definition
the arguer claims incorrectly that because one event, A, comes to prior to B, A has caused B, but there is no necessary connection between A & B |
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Definition
the arguer claims that a chain of events will occur out there is insufficient evidence that one or more events in the chain will take place |
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Term
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Definition
any grammatically correct and meaningful expression that be either T/F. It relates to classes or objects. |
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Term
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Definition
Subject term (i.e., a word or phrase that names a class or category) |
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Term
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Definition
| (i.e., the word “all”, “no”, or “some”) |
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Term
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Definition
| (i.e., a word or phrase that names a class or category) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| quantifier, how many elements of the subject class which fall under or don’t fall in the predicate class. Either Universal or Particular |
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Term
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Definition
| Can either be affirmative or a negative |
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Term
Standard Form
A- proposition |
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Definition
| All S are P. All trees are plants. |
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Term
Standard Form
E-Proposition |
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Definition
| No S are P. No plants are animals. |
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Standard Form
I-proposition |
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Definition
| Some S are P. Some trees are oaks. |
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Term
Standard Form
O-Proposition |
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Definition
| Some S are not P. Some trees are not oaks. |
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Term
Stylistic Variants
(A) Universal Affirmative |
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Definition
Every X is Y. If anything is an X, then it is a Y.
Each X is Y. Only Y are X. |
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Term
Stylistic Variations
(E) Universal Negative |
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Definition
There is nothing common between X are Y.
If anything is an X, then it is not Y.
Nothing is an X unless it is not Y. |
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Term
Stylistic variations
(I) Particualr Affirmative |
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Definition
There are some X that are Y, at least one X is a Y.
There is a common element between X and Y.
Something is an X unless it is not Y. |
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Stylistic Variations
(O) Particular Negative |
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Definition
At least one X is not a Y.
Something is X but not Y.
There is an X that is not |
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Term
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Definition
A-E
- If A is true, then E is false
- If E is true, then A is false
- If A is false, then E is logically undetermined
- If E is false, then A is logically undetermined |
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Term
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Definition
I-O
- If I is false, then O is true
- If O is false, then I is true
- If I is true, then O is logically undetermined
- If O is true, then I is logically undetermined |
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Term
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Definition
A-I
E-O
truth flows downwards/ falsity moves upwards
- If A is true, then I is true
- If I is false, then A is false
- If A is false, then I is logically undetermined
- If I is true, then A is logically undetermined
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Term
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Definition
A-O
I-E
statements must have opposite truth values
- If A is true, then O is false
- If A is false, then O is true
- If O is true, then A is false
- If O is false, then A is true. |
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Term
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Definition
| an argument (that is composed of categorical statements: A, E, I, O) that contains only one premise and a conclusion, and the premises and the conclusion have some subjects and predicates contrary relations. Ex: A-E. Ex: All dogs are mammals So, some dogs are mammals |
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Definition
E is false
I is true
O is false |
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Definition
E is logically undetermined
I is logically undetermined
O is true
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Definition
A is false
I is false
O is true |
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Definition
A is logically unndetermined
I is true
O is logically undetermined |
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Definition
A is logically undetermined
E is false
O is logically undetermined |
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Definition
A is false
E is true
O is true |
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Definition
A is false
I is logically undetermined
E is logically undetermined |
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Definition
A is true
I is true
E is false |
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