Term
Hume Distinguish thoughts and impressions and their relationship to one another. |
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Definition
All ideas are copies of impressions (impressions are more lively) all knowledge come from or begins in impressions |
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Term
Hume What are Hume's two arguments in Secion II concerning thoughts/ideas and impressions? |
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Definition
1. upon examination, every idea resolves into impressions -even the idea of God can be traced to the augmentation of certai impressions. 2. If there is a defect in sensory organ, that individual has no idea corresponding to the impressions gained from that organ -ex: blind person has no idea of color, no impression |
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Term
Hume What are the three principles of connection involved in the association of ideas? |
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Definition
1. Resemblance 2. Contiguity 3. Cause and Effect |
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Term
Hume Is knowledge of cause and effect a priori? Why? |
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Definition
Knowledge of cause and effect is not a priori; "No object ever discovers, by the qualities which appear to the senses, either the causes which produce it or the effects that will arise from it; nor can our reason unassisted by experience, ever draw any inference concerning real existence and matter of fact." (229) |
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Term
Hume What is our reasoning concerning cause and effect based on? |
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Definition
| Knowledge of cause and effect comes from experience alone. It is observation of event and their regularity that give rise to this notion. |
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Term
Hume What is the nature of the inference between the two propositions on p. 232? |
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Definition
"These two propositions arefar from being the same, I have found that suh an object has always been attended with such an effect, and I forsee, that other objects, which are, in appearance, similar, will be attended with similar effects" -There is some inference made between the two (from observed phenomena to the prediction of future events) that Hume claims cannot be based upon reason. -inference not necessary because the course of nature might change -arguments are based solely upon the similarity of experience |
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Term
Hume What principle actually determines our inferences concerning cause and effect? |
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Definition
| Custom or Habit determines all of our inferences concerning experience |
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Term
Hume What is the role of customary conjunction? |
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Definition
| Belief about some object is derived from the constant conjunction of two objects, so belief is not necessary, but merely the result of customary conjunction (flame and heat, snow and cold, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| belief is a stronger, livelier feeling than fiction |
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Term
Hume How might we form beliefs? |
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Definition
| Belief arises as a result of the customary conjunction of some object with something that is present to the memor or sense |
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Term
Hume What is the role of probability in terms of our beliefs? |
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Definition
| Depending upon the cause, there are various states of probability relating to its effect. This probability of effect impacts our beliefs (which stem from customary conjunction) |
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Term
Hume How might we clarify the concept of necessary connection? |
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Definition
| to clarify, we must try to find the original impression responsible for this idea, because this impression will not be confused. |
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Term
Hume Describe the three possible sources of someimpression of necessary connection (nc) Hume suggests, and expla his reasons for rejecting each possibility. First |
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Definition
1. from contemplation of some object - but Hume has already pointed out, just coming cross some object and observing it tells us nothng of the causes the impact it or the effects it my create -- Cant be source |
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Term
Hume Describe the three possible sources of someimpression of necessary connection (nc) Hume suggests, and expla his reasons for rejecting each possibility. Second |
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Definition
2. maybe from observing the power of the will and its necessary connection to the organs of the body and the functions of the soul - if we understood this nc, there wouldn't be mystery of how mind is connected to the body -the will doesnt exhibit control over all bodily happenings, some involuntary -even in a voluntary bodily movement, we are not fully aware of what is occurring (ie, move foot but not tissue) |
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Term
Hume Describe the three possible sources of someimpression of necessary connection (nc) Hume suggests, and expla his reasons for rejecting each possibility. Third |
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Definition
3. Maybe get impression from a conscious power in our minds over our ideas, etc. -we may have some idea after the will commands it, but have no idea how the will makes the idea come about. -The will cannot control all aspects of the mind - we often cannot control our emotions, etc. -the power of self-command is not constant - it varies over time, in accordance with various emotions |
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Term
Hume What should we conclude about necessary connection? |
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Definition
there is no nc many philosophers find this unsettling and take recourse to a Supreme Being -- Hume says unnecessary and unwarranted |
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Term
Hume What can we conclude about Cause and Effect? |
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Definition
"... other words, where if the first object had not been, the second never had existed." first is cause second is effect |
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Term
Nagel What is consciousness? |
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Definition
subjective character of experience |
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Term
Nagel Why is the example of the bat a good one? What does it show us? |
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Definition
Our own experience doesnt help us understand the bat. We only understand types of behavior. |
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Term
Nagel What does Nagel see as the status of indemonstrable facts? |
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Definition
Just because we cannot understand certain things, does not mean we can dismiss them. There may be facts beyond human understanding and linguistic truth. |
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Term
Nagel Why does Nagel claim that we cannot use objective means to explain the nature of experience? |
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Definition
Objective nature of experience is the object of experience. -outside of this, experience is wholly subjective |
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Term
Nagel What does Nagel claim is the satus of physicalism? |
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Definition
| Cannot show it to be false, but we just do not know how it can be true. |
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Term
Jackson What does Mary not know demonstrate? |
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Definition
Even with all physical facts, there is something she does not know -doesnt know what it is like -thus physicalism is false, because there are facts beyond physical facts |
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Term
Jackson Is imagination knowledge? What role would imagination possibly play in this argument? |
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Definition
No! Protects against argument that Mary could have known what red was, but doesnt realize it yet |
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Term
Jackson Why will "logical persistence" not tell Mary what it's like? |
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Definition
Logical persistence will not tell Mary what it is like. -cannot deduce what it's like from other physical facts |
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Term
Jackson How does this argument hinge on knowledge of others? |
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Definition
hinges on knowledg of others -her experience tells her that there is something she does not knw about the minds of others, even if she knows all about the brain, etc. |
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Term
Jackson Why does Churchland claim Jackson's knowledge argument fails? Jackson's reply? |
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Definition
1. Two ways to gain knowledge; Jackson is screwed up with knowledge, just a differen type of knowledge -knowledge about physical facts is not identical information concerning sensing; ability? -Jackson holds his knowledge argument, Churchland misrepresents argument 2. Jackson proves too much 3. There is an issue concerning imagination |
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Term
Jackson??? How might Jackson's argument prove too much? Jackson's reply? |
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Definition
? -could easily prove dualism -maintains there is no such parral |
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Term
Lewis What does Mary lack? Why? |
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Definition
lacks ability 'lacks ability, and information in a usable form" Mary lacks the ability to understand info because it isnt in usable form |
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Term
Perry??? What is the problem of identity over time vs. survival over time? |
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Definition
identity is not like identical twins identity is one to one ? |
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Term
Perry Why does Gretchen want an account of survival with identity? |
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Definition
| She doesnt believe in God, so needs to know there is a possibility of survival with identity after death. |
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Term
Perry Discuss the theory that identifies an immortal soul as the criterion for identity over time. Strengths and Weaknesses? |
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Definition
Strengths: psychiologcal link shows soul matching to body Weaknesses: can't test (ie chocolate), seen, touched or tasted... |
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Term
Perry Discuss the theory of person stages and memory as a criterion for identity over time. Strengths and weaknesses? |
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Definition
person stage theory: contantly changing who you are strengths: can be same person without having same parts (river) weaknesses: still can't prove |
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Term
Perry??? How does the causal condition for memory overcome certain objections to the memory theory? What problems persist or remain? |
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Definition
Objections: forgetting, hypnosis, and heavenly being Memories should have right kind of cause (causal chain) -restriction for right kind of memory for personal identification Still persisting: |
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Term
Perry Explain the theory of sameness of brain as the criterion for personal identity. Strengths and weaknesses? |
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Definition
Personal identity follows the brain. Strengths:physically prove Weaknesses: "brain rejuvenation," court approval |
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Term
Perry Why does Cohen bring up survival without identity at the end of the dialogue? What could be the appeal of such a view? |
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Definition
Gretchen is dying, and could be 'saved' "identity doesnt matter at end, what we really care about is survival" |
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Term
Russell??? What is the argument from analogy? Why use such an argument to establish the existence of other minds? |
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Definition
Proving other minds exist -use arguments from analogy because can always tell if someone else is thinking -cannot test thoughts, must use this argument to prove others minds, but will never know |
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Term
Russell??? How does Russell explain such an argument? Why does he claim the inference is valid? |
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Definition
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Term
Ryle??? What is the "official doctrine"? Origin? |
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Definition
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Term
Ryle Explain category mistake. How does such a mistake lead to an incorrect doctring concerning the nature of mind? |
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Definition
Go to a university and look at buildings but say, "where is the university?" Part/Whole Problem Can't look at certain behaviors and ask, "where is the mind?" |
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Term
Ryle Ryle is a behaviorist. Explain this view mind. |
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Definition
Mind is behavior redescribed. believe mind is just a series of behaviors |
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Term
Armstrong What sort of account of mind does Armstrong want to give? What is general advantage? |
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Definition
| believes the mind is all science; physico-chemical mechanism |
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Term
Armstrong??? Two problems with Behaviorist approach? How might a Behaviorist answer the charges? |
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Definition
Glass thoughts without behavior |
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Term
Armstrong??? What does A see as the true connection between thoughts and behavior, or between mind and behavior? |
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Definition
behavior comes from states |
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Term
Armstrong??? What problem does consciousness pose for A's theory? How does he answer this concern (think sense perception)? |
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Definition
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