Term
| Where are antibodies secreted from? |
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Definition
| Terminally differentiated B cells aka the plasma cells. |
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Term
| What are the two functions of antibodies. |
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Definition
| To bind specifically to molecules from the pathogen that elicited the immune response and to recruit other cells and molecules to destroy the pathogen once the Ab is bound to it. |
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Term
| What do the V and C regions of the antibody do? |
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Definition
| Variable region is the antigen-binding region and constant region engages effector functions of the immune system; C determines the isotype. |
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Term
| Which part of the Ab remains inserted in the membrane of the B cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the T-cell receptor differ from the B-cell receptor? |
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Definition
| it does not recognize and bind antigen directly, but recognizes short peptide fragments of protein antigens, which are bound to MHC molecules on the surfaces of cells. |
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Term
| What is the make up of MHC? |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins with cleft where peptides can be bound. |
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Term
| What does it mean that MHC molecules are highly polymorphic? |
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Definition
| Each type of MHC molecule occurs in many different versions within the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any given T-cell receptor is specific not simply for a foreign peptide antigen but for a unique combo of a peptide and a particular MHC molecule. |
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Term
| What are five classes of immunoglobulins and how can they be distinguished? |
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Definition
| IgD, IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE; C regions are all different. |
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Term
| What is the class of an antibody defined by? |
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Definition
| The structure of its heavy chain. |
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Term
| What types of light chains are found in Ab? |
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Definition
| Lambda and kappa; based on AA differences in constant region. |
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Term
| Where are disulfide bonds located on an antibody? |
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Definition
| One between the two heavy chains and one between each heavy and light chain; total of 3 per Ab. |
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Term
| Which is the most abundant Ig? |
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Definition
| IgG and it has several subclasses. |
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Term
| What is the structure and function of the Fab fragment? |
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Definition
| Two identical arms, each consists of a complete light chain paired with the VH and CH1 domains of a heavy chain; antigen-binding activity. |
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Term
| What is the structure and function of the Fc fragment? |
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Definition
| Paired CH2 and CH3 domains and is the part that interacts with effector molecules and cells. |
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Term
| Where do proteases such as papain cleave the antibody and into how many pieces? |
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Definition
| Three fragments result; cleaves on the amino-terminal side of the disulfide bonds; releases the two arms of the antibody as separate Fab fragment and the Fc fragment remains linked at the carboxy-terminal halves. |
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Term
| Where does pepsin cut the antibody? |
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Definition
| On the carboxy-terminal side of the disulfide bonds producing the F(ab)'2 fragment. |
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Term
| How is the immune system able to generate antibodies of different specificities? |
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Definition
| By generating different combos of heavy and light chain V regions aka combinatorial diversity. |
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Term
| Define monoclonal antibodies. |
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Definition
| Large amounts of known, pure Ab specific for a given antigen; used experimentally and made from immortalized plasma cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complementarity-determining region; where the six hypervariable loops determine antigen specificity by forming a surface complementary to the antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 3D structure on a large molecule that is recognized by an antibody. |
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Term
| Compare discontinuous to continuous epitopes. |
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Definition
Dis: site that has AA from different parts of the polypeptide chain brought together by folding
Con: site composed of a single segment of a polypeptide chain |
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Term
| What force facilitates antibody and antigen interaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kinds of AA are common in antigen-binding sites? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe bonding with electrostatic forces. |
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Definition
| Attraction between opposite charges. |
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Term
| Describe bonding with H bonds. |
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Definition
| H shared between electronegative atoms. |
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Term
| Describe bonding with Van der Waals forces. |
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Definition
| Oppositely polarized neighboring atoms. |
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Term
| Describe bonding with hydrophobic forces. |
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Definition
| Pack to exclude water molecules. |
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Term
| What is immunofluorescence microscopy? |
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Definition
| When the antibody is labeled with a fluorescent dye. |
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Term
| What is indirect immunofluorescence? |
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Definition
| When the bound Ab is detected by fluorescent anti-IG. |
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Term
| What is immunoelectron microscopy? |
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Definition
| When Ab is used to detect the intracellular location of structures or particular proteins at high resolution by electron microscopy. |
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Term
| What is immunohistochemistry? |
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Definition
| Specific antibody is chemically coupled to an enzyme that converts a colorless substrate into a colored reaction product in situ. |
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Term
| What are general characteristics of Ig aka antibodies? |
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Definition
| Soluble receptors that are globular proteins; composed of 4 polypeptides, 2 identical light and 2 identical heavy chains; arranged in a 'Y'; heterotetramer |
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Term
| What are the 2 chief advantages of immuno-applications? |
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Definition
| Redundancy and specificity of antibody/ligand binding. |
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Term
| Why is the carboxyl end of the Ig used to attach visual probes, or reporter molecules? |
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Definition
| Because it is NOT involved in binding to the specific antigen. |
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Term
| Define polyclonal antibody. |
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Definition
| Antibodies are found as part of the nonspecific population of innate antibody molecules located in the blood; with varying ligand specificities. |
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