Term
| What does the Pharyngeal Apparatus consist of? |
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Definition
| Pharyngeal arches, pouches, grooves, and membranes |
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Term
| How many pairs of pharyngeal arches? |
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Definition
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Term
| By the end of the 4th week, how many visible pairs of pharyngeal arches? |
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Definition
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Term
| What seperates pharyngeal arches? |
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Definition
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Term
| mesenchyme of pharyngeal arches is derived from where? |
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Definition
Depends
Third week: paraxial and prechordal
fourth week: replaced by neural crest mesenchyme |
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Term
| What are the layers of a pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
| Mesenchyme core covered externally by ectoderm and internally by endoderm |
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Term
| The two prominences (mandibular and maxillary) derive from what pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 1st pharyngeal cartiledge is named what? What does it give rise too? |
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Definition
Meckel's Cartiledge:
dorsal end gives rise to the malleus and incus
middle part gives rise to the anterior ligament of the malleus and the sphenomandibular ligament
ventral part forms primordium of mandible |
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Term
| What is the name of the second pharyngeal cartilage? What does it give rise too? |
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Definition
Reichert's cartilage:
Dorsal end gives rise to the stapes and styloid process of temporal bone
middle gives rise to the stylohyoid ligament
ventral end gives rise to the lesser cornu and superior part of the body of the hyoid bone |
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Term
| How is the cervical sinus formed? |
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Definition
| during the 5th week the 2 pharyngeal arch engulfs the third and fourth pharyngeal arch forming the cervical sinus |
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Term
| Why does the second pharyngeal arch grow to engulf the third and fourth arches? |
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Definition
| Second pharyngeal arch has a signalling center that responds to SHH, FGF-8, and BMP-7 |
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Term
| What does the third pharyngeal arch cartilage give rise too? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the 4th and 6th pharyngeal cartilages give rise too? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles and enervation derive from the first pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
Nerve:
Trigeminal
Muscles:
Muscles of Mastication
Mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric
Tensor Tympani
Tensor Veli Palatini |
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Term
| What muscles and enervation derive from the second pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
Nerve: Facial Nerve
Muscles:
Muscles of Facial Expression
Stapedius
Stylohyoid and Posterior belly of the digastric |
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Term
| What muscles and enervation derive from the 3rd pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
Nerve: Glossopharyngeal
Muscles:
Stylopharyngeus |
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Term
| What muscles and enervation derive from the 4th pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
Nerve: Vagus (external laryngeal)
Muscles
Cricothyroid
Muscles of soft palate except Tensor veli palatini
constrictors of pharynx |
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Term
| What muscles and enervation derive from the 6th pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
Nerve: Vagus (laryngeal recurrent)
Muscles:
intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid) |
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Term
| Which pharyngeal arch arteries disappear? |
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Definition
| First, second, fifth, and the right side of sixth |
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Term
| The third pharyngeal arch artery eventually becomes what? |
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Definition
| Common carotid and the proximal part of external carotid |
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Term
| The fourth pharyngeal arch artery eventually becomes what? |
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Definition
| small part of the subclavian and small part of the arch of the aorta |
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Term
| The sixth pharyngeal arch artery eventually becomes what? |
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Definition
proximal portion of pulmonary artery
ductus arteriosis |
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Term
| The sixth pharyngeal arch artery eventually becomes what? |
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Definition
proximal portion of pulmonary artery
ductus arteriosis |
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Term
| What is the ductus arteriosis? |
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Definition
| prenatal shunt that allows the blood to circumvent the fluid filled (and useless) fetal lungs |
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Term
| Why does the vagus recurrent loop around the subclavian vein and not a growth of the sixth pharyngeal arch artery? |
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Definition
| The right side of the sixth pharyngeal arch artery disappears |
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Term
| What are the derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch artery? |
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Definition
| Terminal branch of maxillary artery (infraorbital) |
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Term
| What are the derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are pharyngeal pouches? |
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Definition
| endoderm that defines internal divisions of the pharyngeal arches. Functional internal analogs to the pharyngeal grooves |
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Term
| What does the first pharyngeal pouch develop into? |
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Definition
internal structures associated with the ear.
tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory (eustachian) tube |
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Term
| What does the second pharyngeal pouch develop into? |
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Definition
| mostly displaced by palantine tonsils but remnant remains as tonsillar sinus |
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Term
| What does the third pharyngeal pouch develop into? |
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Definition
two areas
dorsally develops into the inferior parathyroid glands
ventrally develops into the thymus |
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Term
| What does the fourth pharyngeal pouch develop into? |
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Definition
Dorsally develops into the superior parathyroid glands
Ventrally develops into the postbrachial body (ultimobrachial body) |
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Term
| What is the cellular origin of the postbrachial body (ultimobrachial body) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the postbrachial (ultimobrachial) body eventually differentiate into? |
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Definition
The c-cells of the thyroid (parafollicular cells)
secrete calcitonin |
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Term
| How many pharyngeal grooves persist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the first pharyngeal groove differentiate into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the possible complications from a persistant pouch? |
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Definition
Branchial sinuses, fistulas, cysts, or vestiges
if persistant sinus breaks skin then it is a fistula
if it goes through but does not break skin it is a cyst |
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Term
| Where are persistant pharyngeal pouch congenital anomalies typically found? |
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Definition
| Just anterior to sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
| What are first arch syndromes associated with failure of neural crest migration? |
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Definition
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Pierre Robin Syndrome |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Treacher Collin's syndrome? |
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Definition
Malar hypoplasia
Downslanting palpebral fissures
Defects in lower eyelids
deformed external ears |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Pierre Robin Syndrome? |
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Definition
Hypoplasia of the mandible
Cleft palate
Defects in eyes and ears |
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Term
| What is the pharyngeal pouch syndrome associated with failure to differentiate in the third and fourth pouch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome? |
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Definition
Congenital thymic aplasia
abnormalities of the mouth
low set ears
nasal clefts
Thyroid hypoplasia
Cardiac abnormalities |
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Term
| What causes the failure of differentiation in DiGeorge Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Microdeletion of q11.2 of Chromosome 22 |
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Term
| What causes accessory thymic tissue or parathyroid glands to form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first endocrine gland to develop in the embryo? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the composition of the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| solid mass of endodermal cells that are then invaded by vascular mesenchyme |
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Term
| Initially the thyroid gland is connected to the foramen cecum via what structure? |
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Definition
The thyroglossal duct
if it persists it can form a cyst |
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Term
| How do the inferior parathyroid glands make it below the superior parathyroid glands when they are formed in a superior pouch? |
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Definition
| By traveling with the thymus |
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Term
| What is the pyramidal lobe? |
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Definition
| persistant tissue of thyroid. Forms a third lobe that can reach as high as the hyoid bone |
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Term
| Where would a thyroglossal duct cyst be most commonly found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the sulcus terminale of the tongue? |
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Definition
| Divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue |
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Term
| What provide motor enervation to the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tongue musculature developes from what myoblasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue develop? |
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Definition
1st pharyngeal arch
develope as lateral lingual swellings that overgrow the median tongue bud |
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Term
| Where does the Copula develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the hypopharyngeal eminence form? |
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Definition
| 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch |
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Term
| How does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue develop? |
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Definition
| Hypopharyngeal eminence grows over the copula |
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Term
| What nerve provides sensory enervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve provides taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve provides sensory ennervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve provides taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anomaly of tongue development, typically a remnant of the thyroglossal duct |
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Term
| What anomaly is associated with a short lingual frenulum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for an unusually large tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for an unusually small tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| From what cell is the anterior pituitary derived? |
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Definition
Anterior portion is ectoderm
posterior portion is neuroectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior portion of anterior pituitary. Derived from ectoderm |
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