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Pharmocology
ABX, HIV, TB, CANCER, ANTI-FUNGALS
66
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2011

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Bacteriostatic
Definition
Medications that limit the growth of an organism
Term
Bacteriocidal
Definition
Drugs that kill the organism
Term
Antibiotics are NOT effective against...
Definition

-Viruses

-Parasites

-Fungal Infections

Term
List some side effects for ABX
Definition

-Nausea

-Vomiting

-Diarrhea

( Florastor is used to replenish the "good bacteria")

Term
Superinfection
Definition

Overgrowth of another bacteria or organism, that will not be treated by the medication admisitered.

eg. Diarrhea, Oral Thrush, Yeast Infection

Term
What are the serious side effects of ABX?
Definition

-Ototoxicity (Ear)

-Nephrotoxicity (Kidney)

-Hepatotoxicity (Liver)

Term
Give examples of allergic reactions to ABX
Definition

-Skin Rash

-Shortness of Breath

-Fever

-Swelling

* If allergic reaction occurs, give epinephrine immediatley

Term
Four Basic MOAs of ABX
Definition

-Cell Wall

-Protein Synthesis

-Folate Biosynthesis

-Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Term
Examples of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
Definition

-Penicillins

-B-Lactamase Inhibitors

-Cepholosporins

-Vancomycin

Term
Penicillins
Definition

-Bacteriocidal

-MOA: Inhibits the cell wall syntheses of the bacteria, therefore, causing a loss of the osmotic pressure, cell lysis, loss of nutrients, and finally cell death.

-Side Effects: Rash, Diarrhea

-Uses: Strep, Staph, Respiratory Infections, UTI, Otitis Media (ear infection)

Term
Penicillins: Give examples of drugs for each Generation
Definition

Generation 1: Narrow Spectrum- PCN, G&V

Generation 2: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin

Generation 3: Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin

Generation 4: Widest Spectrum-Piperacillin, Mezlocillin

Term
B-Lactamase Inhibitors
Definition

-Inhibits the enzyme penicillinase

 

-Clavulanate + Amoxicillin = Agumentin

Liquid may cause discoloration of teeth

-Sulbactam + Ampicillin =Unasyn

-Tazobactam + Piperacillin = Zosyn

Term
Cephalosporins
Definition

-Bacteriocidal

-MOA: Inhibits the cell wall syntheses of the bacteria, therefore, causing a loss of the osmotic pressure, cell lysis, loss of nutrients, and finally cell death.

-Side Effects: IM very painful, nephrotoxicity with Gen-1

-Uses: Strep, Staph, Respiratory Infections, UTI, Otitis Media (ear infection)

Term
Cepholosporins: Give drug examples for each Generation
Definition

Generation 1: Cefazolin, Cephalexin, Cefadroxil

Generation 2: Cefaclor

Generation 3: Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefdinir

Generation 4: Cefepime

Term
Vancomycin
Definition

-Bacteriocidal

-MOA: Inhibits cell wall synthesis

-Uses: MRSA, Pseudomembranous Colitis

-Used as a Last Resort

-Side Effects: Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, "Red Man Syndrome"

Term
Give examples of Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Definition

-Tetracylines

-Macrolides

-Telithromycin

-Aminoglycosides

-Lincomycin

-Bactroban (mupirocin)

-Chloramphenical

Term
Tetracyclines
Definition

-Bacteriostatic

-MOA: Interferes with protein synthesis of bacteria by preventing the binding of transfer RNA to messenger RNA atthe ribosomal 30s subunit site

-Examples: Doxycycline, Minocycline, Tetracycline

-Uses: Acne, Lower Respiratory Infections, Chlamydia

Term
What are some counseling/ side effect tips for Tetracyclines?
Definition

1. Photosensitivity

2. Yellowing of teeth(not recommended for children under the age of 8)

3. Do not take with dairy products, antacids, and Fe+(iron) tabs

4. Nephrotoxicity & Hepatotoxicity

5. Superinfection

6.Preganancy Category D

7. May deposit in growing bone leading to depression of bone growth

Term
Macrolides
Definition

-Bacteriostatic

-MOA: Inhibits protein synthesis by preventing the binding at the 50s subunit ribosomal site

-Examples: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin

Uses: Gram + infections(Strep & Staph), Gram - infections(Moraxella & Neisseria), Chlamydia infections

Term
What are some side effects associated with Macrolides?
Definition

-GI disturbances (Take with food)

-Z-Pak has shown an elevation in liver enzymes

-Biaxin has been shown to leave a metallic taste in mouth.

Term
Telithromycin
Definition

-Ketolide

-Use: Community aquired pneumonia

-Not used very often

-MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein sythesis by binding to two sites on the 50s ribosomal subunit

-Black Box Warning

Term
What are some side effects associated with Telithromycin?
Definition

-N/V/D

-Visual Disturbances(blurred vision)

-Once a day dosing for 5-7 days

-Enzyme Inhibitor (Stop taking "statins" if taking this medication)

Term
Aminoglycosides
Definition

-Bacteriostatic

-MOA: Drug binds to the bacteria, attatches to the ribosomes 30s and 50s subunit site irreversible and inhibits protein synthesis

Examples: Gentamycin, Neomycin, Tobramycin

Term
What are some uses and side effects for Aminoglycosides?
Definition

-Uses: UTI, Before and after intestinal surgery, conjunctivitis, otitis media, bronchitis, staph infections, serious Gram - Bacilli

 

-Side Effects: Very high doses can result in neuromuscular blockade( Respiratory Paralysis), Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity

Term
Lincomycin
Definition

-Clindamycin (Cleocin)

-MOA: Binds to bacterial ribosome and suppresses protein synthesis

-Bacteriostatic

-Substitute for PCN allergy

-Uses: Skin and soft tissue infections

-Side Effects: diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis cause by C-Diff

Term
Bactroban(Mupirocin)
Definition

-MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

-Bacteriocidal

-Used topically for skin infections caused by staph

Term
Chloramphenical
Definition

-Rarely used in US or Europe

-MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

-Uses: Bacterial septicemia, typhoid fever, meningitis

Side Effects: Grey Baby Syndrome(Abd distention, Circulatory collapse, Resp failure), Bone Marrow Depression (Anemia)

Term
What is an example of a Folate Biosythesis Inhibitor?
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
Sulfonamides
Definition

-Bacteriostatic

-MOA: Inhibits the synthesis of folic acid and thereby inhibiting growth

Uses: Burns, UTI,  Respiratory infections, PCP, Staph infx

-Examples: Silver sulfadiazine, Sulfacetamide, Sulfamethoxazole(main agent in Bactrim), Sulfasalazine

Term
What are the side effects of Sulfonamides?
Definition

-Photosensitivity

-Rash

-Hyperkalemia

-Crystalluria

-Blood Disorders

Term
What are some examples if Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors?
Definition

-Fluroquinalones

-Anti-protozaonal Agents

Term
Fluroquinalones
Definition

-Bacteriocidal

-MOA: Inhibits DNA Gyrase, which is essential bacterial replication

-Uses: UTI, GI, Respiratory, and bone and joint, ear and eye infx

Examples: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Monifloxacin, Ofloxacin

Term
What are some side effect of Fluoroquinolones?
Definition

- HA

-Dizziness

-Photosensitivity

-Tendonitis

-QTc Prolongation

Term
Anti-Protozonal agents
Definition

-Flagyl(metronidazole), Tindamax(tinidazole)

-MOA: Interferes with DNA

Uses: Bacterial and Protozoa infx

Term
Nitrofuratoin( Macrodantin, Macrobid)
Definition

-Use: UTI due to it's antiseptic properties

-Counseling tip: Drink lots of water

 

Term

Phenazopyridine(Pyridium)

 

Definition

-AZO

-Urinary tract anagensic

-Counseling tip: take with food, drink lots of water, will discolor urine

Term
Name 5 Biochemical basis of resistance
Definition

1. Metabolism of ABX

2. Change in ABX target site

3. Changes in Permeability

4. Efflux Mechanism (Pump)

5. Circumvent Pathway Blockade

Term
What are the 3 types of Fungal infections?
Definition

- Systemic Infections- infection of the blood, bones, and lungs. Very serious. Common in hospital (neutropenic, immunocompromised, ICU Patients)

-Dermatophytic Infections- Infections of the keratinized tissue (hair, nails, skin). Caused by Tinea species.

-Candidiasis- Infection of mucous membrane. (Thrush, Vaginal Area)

Term
Give some examples of Antifungals
Definition

-Amphotericin-B

-Azoles

-Echinocandins

-Griseofulvin

-Terbinafine

-Nystatin

Term
Amphotericin-B
Definition

MOA: binds to ergosterol and alters ther permeability of the cell causing nutrients and ions to leak out leading to cell destruction.

-Fungicidal

-Broadest spectrum

-Used for life threating mycotic infx

-infusion related toxicities(fever, chills, muscle spasms)

-Renal impairment

Term
Azoles
Definition

MOA: reduction of ergosterol synthesis by inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes

-Examples: Diflucan(flucanazole) Nizoral (ketocanazole) Sporonox(itraconazole)

-Uses: Candida Species (yeast infx)

Term
Echinocandins
Definition

-Newest Class

-MOA: act at the level of the fungal cell wall by inhibiting the synthesis of β (1-3)-glucan

-Examples: Cancidas (caspofungin), Mycamine (micafungin), Eraxis(anidulafungin)

Uses: Candida infx (yeast infx)

Term
Griseofulvin
Definition

-binds to infected keratinized tissue preventing the fungus from invading the healthy tissue

-Fungistatic

Term
Nystatin
Definition
-Binds to sterols in fungal cell membrane changing the cell wall permeablilty
Term
Lamisil (terbinafine)
Definition

Inhibits squalene epoxidase--> fungal cell wall integrity lost

-Fungicidal

Term
Name some OTC Anti-fungals
Definition

-Vaginal

-Miconazole (Monistat-7)

-Clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin)(Mycelex-7)

-Athletes foot & Ringworm

-Clotrimazole (Lotrimin- AF)

-Terbinafine (Lamisil)

 

Term
Tuberculosis
Definition

-Leading Killer on earth

-1.4 million ppl die every year

-Cause by Myocobacterium tuberculosis

-transmitted by droplets in the air from an infected person

-mainly infects lungs but also manifest in the spine brain and kidneys

Term
What is the 4 drug regimen for TB treatment?
Definition

-Isoniazid

-Rifampin

-Pyrazinamide

-Ethambutal

-treatment can last from 6 to 12 months

Term
Anti-Virals
Definition
- effective anti-virals block entry and exit from the cell or active host in the cell.
Term
Name Agents used to treat Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus
Definition

-Acyclovir

-Valacyclovir

-Famciclovir

Term
HIV
Definition

-Human Immunodeficiency Virus

-Infects the helper T cells

-is a retro virus that reproduces RNA to DNA

-Modes of transportation: sexual contact, exposure to dirty needles, perinatal

Term

AIDS

 

Definition

-Acquired Immunodeficency Syndrome

-Diagnosed when CD4+ helper cell count drops to less than 200 cells/mm3

-No Cure

Term
What are the 6 Anti-retroviral classes
Definition

-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

              +Retrovir, Epivir, Ziagen, Emtriva

-Nonnucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors(NNRTIs)

               +Sustiva, Viramune

-Protease Inhibitors

               +Norvir, Crixivan

-Fusion inhibitors

               +Fuzeon

-Integrase inhibitors

               +Isentress

-CCR5 antagonist

                +Selzentry

 

 

Term
Chemotherapy Classes
Definition

-Alkylating Agents

-Platinum Analogs

-Antimetabolites

-Natural Chemotherapy

-Antitumor Antibiotics

-Cyctotoxic antibiotics

Term
Alkylating Agents
Definition

MOA: Bind irreversibly with the nucleic acids. DNA unable to replicate and therefore can no longer synthesize proteins and other essential cell metabolites

 

5 different groups: Nitrogen Mustards (Cyclophosphmide), Ethylenemines (Altretamine), Alky Sulfonates (Busulfan), Nitrosoureas (Carmustine), Triazenes (Decarbazine)

 

Term
Platinum Analogs 
Definition

-Cisplatin

-MOA: Not clear but exert their cytotoxic effect in the same manner as alkylating agents

Term
Antimetabolites
Definition

-these agents inhibit or block some of the cells function or chemical reaction that is vital to cell growth and reproduction. 

-Folic Acid antagonist

           -Metotrexate(MTX)- DDI's with warfarin, PCN, NSAIDs, Omeprazole

Leucovorin- used to replenish Folic Acid

-Purine antagonist

           -Mercaptopurine(6MP)

-Pyrimidine antagonist

           -Fluorouracil (5-FU)

Term
Natural Chemotherapy Drugs
Definition

-Vinca alkaloids

-Vinblastine and Vincristine

 

-Podophyllotoxin

-Etoposide and teniposide

-Taxane derivatives

-Paclitaxel

-Camptothecins

-Irinotecan

Term
What 3 drugs are given BEFORE administering Paclitaxel?
Definition

-Benadryl

-Tagament or Zantac

-Anti-nausea meds

Term
Antitumor Antibiotics
Definition

-Anthtracyclines

-Doxorubicin

-4 MOAs- Inhibits Top II, Bind to DNA, Formation of free radicals whick attack DNA, Alter cellular membranes.

-Dexrazoxan is used to protect against cardiomyopathy

Term
Cyctotoxic Antibiotics
Definition

-Bleomycin

-MOA: Interferes with DNA synthesis

-Pulmonary toxicity

Term
Anti-hormonal Agents
Definition

-Tamoxifen(Nolvadex)

-used for breast cancer in men and women

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