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| The study of how drugs from various sources work inside the body for their intended purposes |
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| The study of normal body function |
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| The study of abnormal body processes or disease |
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| The study of how drugs are introduced into the body |
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| The study of how drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream (absorption), circulated to tissues throughout the body (distribution), inactivated (metabolized), and eliminated (metabolism and excretion). Pharmacokinetic processes affect a drug’s effectiveness, dosing schedule, and use |
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| The study of drugs and their receptors on the molecular level |
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| The study of how drugs are used in clinical practice for individual patients. Determining what will be most beneficial and appropriate for use for an individual patient. |
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| 1st tried on healthy human subjects, drugs are given a generic drug name, assigned by a government agency |
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| Phase II & III clinical trials |
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| Drugs are tested on humans having the condition or disease the drug is supposed to treat. Near the end of Phase III, a proprietary or brand name is assigned by the company that will manufacture and sell the drug |
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| Drugs that work in the same way are put into a particular class and usually given names with a common stem then lumped into therapeutic classes |
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| Use on a particular body system |
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| Legend or prescription drugs |
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| Only available by prescription and are dispensed from the pharmacy upon receipt of a valid prescription from a prescriber |
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| Medications that can be purchased without a prescription |
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| Medications that have been categorized by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) to have the potential for abuse and dependence |
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| Illegal substances or only available for research or experimental purposes |
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| Medications that can be legally dispensed with certain restrictions |
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| Developed to assess safety during pregnancy, determining potential benefits and risks involved when a woman takes a medication while pregnant |
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| Drugs that can cause birth defects or malformations in a developing fetus, degree of teratogenicity may depend on the stage of development |
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| Traditional medicine, treatments generally recognized and accepted, relies on scientific method |
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| Older type of medicine that used herbs and alternative therapies and recognizes a person's spiritual being and balance |
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| Dietary and nutritional supplements |
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| Regulated as foods, not regulated for safety and efficacy as are prescription and OTC products by the FDA |
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| Treating an ailment with a substance, that can cause an effect similar to the ailment itself |
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| Uses Easter medical philophies |
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| Insertion of needles at specific points on the body to unblock energy channels |
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| Applies pressure to those points to enhance energy flow |
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| Non-drug modalities, manipulation to achieve better body alignment and health |
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| East Indian medicine that involves spiritual and whole-body will being, employing change in diet and lifestyle |
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| Mental exercise and relaxation to slow heartbeat, lower blood pressure, and reduce stomach problems |
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| An event in which a patient is harmed by a medication in some way that could have been prevented. The mistake could be made by the prescriber, the pharmacy, or during administration. A technician's job is crucial to ensuring good patient care |
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Definition
| Right Drug, Right Strength, Right Route, Right Time, Right Patient |
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| How the drug is delivered |
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| Effects the body as a whole |
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| Site of action is a specific area or tissue |
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| By mouth. The most convenient and cost-effective means of delivering a medication to a patient |
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Definition
| Can be coated or uncoated, most are swallowed whole, but some can be chewed (masticated) |
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| Liquids with dissolved substances |
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| Liquids with particulate matter - must be shaken |
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| Orally dissolving tablets (ODTs) |
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| Dissolve quickly on the tongue |
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| Dissolve under the tongue |
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| Administered by injection, administered elsewhere in the body than the mouth and alimentary canal |
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| Given directly into a muscle |
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| Injections given directly into a vein |
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| Inserted into a vein in the arm, wrist, or hand, small amounts of fluid, time infused is a few days or less |
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Definition
| Inserted into one of the larger veins in the upper chest area near the clavicle (collarbone), inserted surgically, used when large volumes of fluid must be given, repeated infusions, time is longer than a few days |
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| Subcutaneous (SQ or SC or Subq) |
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Definition
| Injections into the fatty tissue under the dermal layer of the skin about the muscular tissue |
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Definition
| Injections given into the spinal column between vertebrae, epidural |
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| Injections given via a small catheter to deliver a drug directly into the spinal column over time, both are administered exclusively by anesthesiologists or anesthetists. |
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| Injections given just underneath the top layer of skin (epidermis), used for tuberculosis (TB) skin tests (PPD), local anesthesia, and allergy skin testing |
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| Drugs inserted via the rectum and allowed to melt or dissolve in place, allows for systemic absorption through the mucosal lining |
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Definition
| Drug delivery trough the skin over time |
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Definition
| Inserted just below the skin to release a drug slowly over time (months to years) |
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| Not for the intent of systemic absorption, limited to local absorption. Not limited to application on the skin. Lungs, eyes, and vagina, are some ways that are considered topical administrations |
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Definition
| Applied topically to the skin; creams, lotions, gels, ointments, powders, solutions, and pastes |
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| Delivery of drugs into the lungs, where a patient breathes it in through the mouth |
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| Drug products sprayed into the nose, available in a liquid dosage form, delivering the drug to the nasal mucosa |
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| Drug delivery topically to the eye, eyedrops and eye ointments |
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Definition
| Delivery of medication into the external ear canal |
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Definition
| The most basic unit of matter |
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| Have positive electrical charge and determine an element's atomic number |
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| Are neutral, and carry no change (positive or negative) |
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| Have a negative charge and seek to balance the electrical charge of an atom |
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| Atoms or molecules with an electrical charge |
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| Same number of protons different number of neutrons, often radioactive |
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| Sharing electrons, creating a neutrally charge molecule, strong bond |
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| When one element entirely loses electrons and another gains electrons; remaining connected by electromagnetic attraction; weak bond, easily broken |
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| Two or more atoms combined via covalent or ionic bonds |
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| Chains of carbon atoms strung together or in ring-like structures |
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| Compounds with the exact same chemical makeup, but arranged differently in space |
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| Isomers of the same molecule that are mirror images of each other. |
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| Common molecule in the body |
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| Composed of amino acids and are the building blocks of protein molecules |
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| Molecules that form long chains of covalently bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms; soluble in fat or oil; used to create hormones and other active biochemical |
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| Part of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which forms the genetic material contained in the cell nucleus |
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Definition
| Measuring acidic and basic (alkaline) properties of substances. Acid - (below 7), Bases - (above 7) |
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Definition
| Created when an electron orbiting a hydrogen atom is lost, leaving a lone proton with a positive charge |
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| Receives chemical signals |
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Definition
| Based on the lock and key mechanism |
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Definition
| The study of drug receptor theory at the molecular level and how that interaction translates to drug activity on the entire body |
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Definition
| A drugs effect on the body |
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Definition
| Drugs whose activity stimulate a specific response when binding to receptors |
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Definition
| Drugs that block a response when binding to receptors |
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Definition
| Graphically shows the relationship between dose and its effect. The graph shows concentration of drug in the bloodstream over time. Showing an increased dose result in an increase response |
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Definition
| No further increase in dose produces additional response |
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Definition
| Where the blood concentrations are in the middle of the curve |
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| Minimum therapeutic concentration |
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Definition
| The lower threshold of the range |
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Definition
| The upper edge of the range; the incidence of toxic effects may outweigh any benefit of the drug and thus pose too great a risk |
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Definition
| Produces a desired or intended result |
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Definition
| Power to affect body or mind. A drug that achieves the same response as another drug but at a lower dose is more potent. Timing of dosing is very important, when desired is a constant concentration in the therapeutic range |
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Definition
| When constant concentration is maintained |
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Definition
| A dose that is large enough to bring blood concentrations up to the therapeutic range immediately |
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| The point at which a drug is at the lowest concentration |
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| When the concentration is at its highest |
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Definition
| Observing and predicting, using a mathematical model, to study how a drug enters, moves around, and leaves the body |
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Definition
| The process by which drugs enter the bloodstream. It affects the onset of drug action as well as the extent of action. Route of administration affects it by enhancing or limiting systemic effect |
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Definition
| Use energy to bring drug molecules across the membrane |
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Definition
| Molecules move across on their own |
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| Drugs absorbed move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
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Definition
| The process by which drugs move around in the bloodstream and reach other tissues of the body |
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| Volume of distribution (Vd) |
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Definition
| How a drug is distributed within the compartments of the body |
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Definition
| Drug molecules can have a high affinity for protein molecules; binding to proteins, that circulate in the blood |
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| Blood-brain barrier (BBB) |
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Definition
| A layer of cells that affects distribution of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| The process in the body by which drugs are converted to other biochemical compounds, and then excreted through metabolic pathways |
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Definition
| A compound that on administration and chemical conversion by metabolic processes becomes an active pharmacological agent |
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Definition
| The liver metabolizing drugs as they pass or travel through it |
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| Cytochrome P450 enzyme system |
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Definition
| Frequently deactivates drugs; liver enzyme involved in metabolism |
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Definition
| The process by which drugs leave the body |
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Definition
| The time it takes half of a drug to be cleared from the blood |
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| The process by which drug molecules are removed from the bloodstream; primarily involving the kidneys |
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| Metabolism rate increases in the liver |
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| Can greatly affect drugs eliminated via metabolism |
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| Excretion primarily happens through the kidneys, affecting elimination |
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