Term
| the building blocks—the primary elements—of a theory. |
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| concepts developed or adopted for use in a particular theory; the key concepts of a given theory. |
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| a systematic way of understanding events or situations. |
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| the operational forms of constructs. They define the way a construct is to be measured in a specific situation. |
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| Draw on a number of theories to help understand a particular problem in a certain setting or context. They are not always as specified as theory. |
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| Type of theory that describes the reasons why a problem exists. It guides the search for factors that contribute to a problem (e.g., a lack of knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, or resources), and can be changed. |
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| Examples of Explanatory theory |
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Definition
Health Belief Model
Theory of Planned Behavior
Precaution Adoption Process Model |
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| Type of theory that guides the development of health interventions. It spells out concepts that can be translated into program messages and strategies, and offers a basis for program evaluation. |
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| Examples of change theories |
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Definition
Community Organization
Diffusion of Innovations |
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| Theory that asks the questions: Why? What can be changed? |
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| Theory that asks the questions: Which strategies? Which messages? And makes assumptions about how a program should work |
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Term
| Characteristics of a Useful theory that is "A Good Fit" |
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Definition
• Logical;
• Consistent with everyday observations; • Similar to those used in previous successful programs; and
• Supported by past research in the same area or related ideas. |
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Targeting -intervention approach for a specific group
Tailoring -intervention approach for a specific individual |
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| Involves using information about shared characteristics of a population subgroup to create a single intervention approach for that group. |
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| A process that uses an assessment to derive information about one specific person, and then offers change or information strategies for an outcome of interest based on that person’s unique characteristics. |
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| Abstract by nature, and does not have a specified content or topic area |
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| Theories that are not highly developed or have not been rigorously tested. |
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Definition
| conceptual frameworks or theoretical frameworks |
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emphasizes the interaction between, and interdependence of, factors within and across all levels of a health problem.
Hint: It is a multilevel interactive approach |
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Definition
| The ecological perspective |
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Term
| The two key concepts of the ecological perspective? |
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Definition
Reciprocal causation
Multiple levels of influence |
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Term
| Levels of Influence (McLeroy et. al) |
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Definition
1. Intrapersonal/Individual
2. Interpersonal
3. Institutional
4. Community Factors
5. Public policy factors |
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Term
| Suggests that people both influence, and are influenced by, those around them |
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Definition
Reciprocal causation
(Levels of Influence-ecological perspective) |
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| Individual characteristics that influence behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits |
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Definition
Intrapersonal level
(Levels of Influence-ecological perspective) |
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Term
| Level of influence that includes family, friends, and peers that provide social identity, support, and role definition |
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Definition
Interpersonal level
(Levels of Influence-ecological perspective) |
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Term
| Characterized by Rules, regulations, policies, and informal structures, which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors |
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Definition
Institutional factors (Community level)
(Levels of Influence-ecological perspective) |
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Term
| Characterized by Social networks and norms, or standards, which exist as formal or informal among individuals, groups, and organizations |
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Definition
Community factors (Community level)
(Levels of Influence-ecological perspective) |
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Term
| Characterized by Local, state, and federal policies and laws that regulate or support healthy actions and practices for disease prevention, early detection, control, and management |
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Definition
Public Policy (community level)
(Levels of Influence-ecological perspective) |
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Term
| Individual-level theory that addresses the individual’s perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to act (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). |
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Definition
| Health-Belief Model (HBM) |
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| Individual-level theory that describes individuals’ motivation and readiness to change a behavior. |
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Definition
| The Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) Model |
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Term
Individual-level theory that examines the relations between an
individual’s beliefs, attitudes, intentions,
behavior, and perceived control over
that behavior. |
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Definition
| The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) |
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Term
| Individual-level theory that names seven stages in an individual’s journey from awareness to action. It begins with lack of awareness and advances through subsequent stages of becoming aware, deciding whether or not to act, acting, and maintaining the behavior. |
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Definition
| The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) |
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Term
| Levels of Health-Belief Model |
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Definition
1. Perceived susceptibility
2. Perceived severity
3. Perceived benefits
4. Perceived barriers
5. Cues to action
6. Self-efficacy |
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Term
| Central focus of Health-Belief model |
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Definition
Health motivation
(Good fit for addressing behaviors that evoke health concerns) |
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| Theory developed by Prochaska & DiClemente |
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Definition
| Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) Model |
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Term
| Levels of the Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) Model |
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Definition
1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance |
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Term
| Good model for smoking cessation Programs |
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Definition
| Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) Model |
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Term
| Theories that explore the relationship between behavior and beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. |
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Definition
| The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the associated Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) |
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Term
| How does the TPB differ from the TRA? |
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Definition
includes one additional construct, perceived behavioral control; this construct has to do with people’s beliefs that they can control
a particular behavior. |
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Term
| Theory developed by Azjen and Driver |
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Definition
| The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) |
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Term
| Main constructs of this theory are: Behavioral intention & subjective norm |
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Definition
| The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) |
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Term
| Levels of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) |
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Definition
1. Behavioral intent
2. Attitude
3. Subjective norm
4. Perceived behavioral control |
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Term
| Beliefs about whether key people approve or disapprove of the behavior; motivation to behave in a way that gains their approval |
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Definition
subjective norm
(The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the associated Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)) |
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Term
| Perceived likelihood of performing behavior |
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Definition
Behavioral intent
(The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the associated Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)) |
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Term
| Belief that one has, and can exercise, control over performing the behavior |
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Definition
Perceived behavioral control
(Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)) |
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Term
| Levels of the Precaution Adoption Process Model |
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Definition
1. Unaware of Issue
2. Unengaged by issue
3. deciding about acting
4. deciding not to act
5. decided not to act
6. acting
7. maintenance |
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Term
| According to this model, people pass through each stage without skipping any of them |
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Definition
| The Precaution Adoption Process Model |
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Term
| Theory that describes a dynamic, ongoing process in which personal factors, environmental factors, and human behavior exert influence upon each other. |
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Definition
| Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) |
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Term
| According to SCT, what are the three main factors affect the likelihood that a person will change a health behavior. |
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Definition
| (1) self-efficacy, (2) goals, and (3) outcome expectancies. |
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Term
| What theory did Bandura update from the Social Learning Theory (SLT)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Theory well-suited for behavior change in areas involving dietary change, pain control, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| Levels of Social Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
1. Reciprocal determinism
2. Behavioral capability
3. Expectations
4. Self-efficacy
5. Observational Learning (modeling)
6. Reinforcements |
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Term
| The dynamic interaction of the person, behavior, and the environment in which the behavior is performed |
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Definition
Reciprocal determinism
(Social cognitive theory) |
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Term
| Anticipated outcomes of a behavior |
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Definition
Expectations
(Social cognitive theory) |
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Term
| Confidence in one’s ability to take action and overcome barriers |
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Definition
Self-efficacy
(Social cognitive theory) |
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Term
| Behavioral acquisition that occurs by watching the actions and outcomes of others’ behavior |
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Definition
Observational learning (modeling)
(Social cognitive theory) |
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Term
| Responses to a person’s behavior that increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence |
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Definition
Reinforcements
(Social cognitive theory) |
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Term
| Knowledge and skill to perform a given behavior |
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Definition
Behavioral capability
(Social cognitive theory) |
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Term
| What are some strategies for increasing self-efficacy? |
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Definition
1. Setting incremental roles
2. Behavioral contracting
3. Monitoring and reinforcements |
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Term
| a process through which community groups are helped to identify common problems, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies to reach collective goals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Levels of Community Organization |
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Definition
1. Empowerment
2. Community capacity
3. Participation
4. Relevance
5. Issue selection
6. Critical consciousness |
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Term
| Awareness of social, political, and economic forces that contribute to social problems |
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Definition
| Critical consciousness(community Organization) |
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Term
| Identifying immediate, specific, and realizable targets for change that unify and build community strength |
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Definition
Issue selection
(community Organization) |
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Term
| Community organizing that ”starts where the people are” Identifying immediate, specific |
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Definition
Relevance
(community Organization) |
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Term
| A social action process through which people gain mastery over their lives and their communities |
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Definition
Empowerment
(community Organization) |
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Term
| Characteristics of a community that affect its ability to identify, mobilize around, and address problems |
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Definition
Community capacity
(community Organization) |
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Term
| Engagement of community members as equal partners; reflects the principle, “Never do for others what they can do for themselves” |
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Definition
Participation
(community Organization) |
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Term
| Theory that addresses how ideas, products, and social practices that are perceived as “new” spread throughout a society or from one society to another. |
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Definition
| Diffusion of Innovation Theory |
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Term
| Diffusion of Innovations according to E.M. Rogers |
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Definition
| “the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system.” |
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Term
| Concepts in Diffusion of Innovations |
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Definition
1. Innovation
2. Communication channels
3. Social system
4. Time |
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Term
| Key attributes of Diffusion of Innovations |
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Definition
1. relative advantage
2. compatibility
3. complexity
4. triability
5. observability |
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Term
| Theory that explores “who says what, in which channels, to whom, and with what effects.” It investigates how messages are created, transmitted, received, and assimilated. |
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Term
| interconnected, large-scale organizations that gather, process, and disseminate news, information, entertainment, and advertising worldwide. |
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Definition
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Term
| The outcomes of media dissemination of ideas, images, themes, and stories |
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Definition
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Term
| Institutional factors and processes influencing how the media define, select, and emphasize issues |
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Definition
Media agenda setting
(media effects) |
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Term
| The link between issues covered in the media and the public’s priorities |
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Definition
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Term
| The link between issues covered in the media and the legislative priorities of policy makers |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors and process leading to the identification of an issue as a “problem” by social institutions |
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Definition
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Term
| Selecting and emphasizing certain aspects of a story and excluding others |
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Definition
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