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Pharmacology- CH 17
Mosby's Paramedic Textbook 3ED-R
144
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
10/11/2011

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Term
The government influenced pharmaceutical companies to develop orphan drugs. What is the premise of orphan drugs? 
Definition
Orphan drugs are developed to treat rare and chronic diseases 
Term
How do you know that a drug is listed in the United states Pharmacopeia? 
Definition
By initials USP or NF 
Term
Definition of Drug  
Definition
chemical agents used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease 
Term
What is Pharmacology 
Definition
its the study of drugs and their actions on the body
Term
The generic name for a drug is also known as the _____?
Definition
Nonproprietary name 
Term
Of the different names for drugs, what name is the official name approved by the FDA? 
Definition
Generic name or non-proprietary name
Term
Trade name is also known as _______?
Definition
Trade or proprietary name 
Term
What type of drug name is a trademark name designated by the drug company that sells the medication
Definition
Trade name, brand, or proprietary name 
Term
What are different sources of drugs 
Definition
Plants, animals and humans, mineral, or chemical substance made in laboratory 
Term
In most cases the official name is the same as the ______? 
Definition
generic name or nonproprietary name 
Term
Where is the best place to find information about a drug 
Definition
the internet 
Term
The 1906 Pure food and drug act was designed to do what?
Definition
it was to protect the public for adulterated or mislabeled drugs 
Term
Def: Assay 
Definition
Its a technique for measuring a drugs strength an purity 
Term
Def: Bioassay
Definition
it is used to measure the bioequivalence, or relative therapeutic effectiveness of tow chemically equivalent drugs 
Term
The controlled substances act of 1970 is also known as 
Definition
the comprehensive drug abuse prevetnion and control act 
Term
What is the purpose of the controlled substances act? 
Definition

Also known as the comprehensive drug abuse prevetnion and control act 

 

 

It created a scheduling system for controlled substances based on abuse potential 

Term
What schedule of drugs has a high abuse potential and no accepted medical use 
Definition

Schedule I 

 

I.e heroin, LSD, Mescaline

Term
What schedule has a high abuse potential and has some accepted medical uses.
Definition

Schedual II 

 

I.e Opium, Morphine, Codeine 

Term
What is an example of schedule II drugs? 
Definition
Drugs that have high abuse potental of almost pure opium, morphine, codeine, amphetamine, cocaine, ect... 
Term
What schedule has the lowest abuse potental 
Definition

Schedule V 

 

I.e medication generally for relief of coughs or diarrhea 

Term
What enforcement agency is responsible for the enforcement of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules?
Definition
The Drug Enforcement Agency 
Term
What is a therapeutic effect 
Definition
its is a desirable action of a drug
Term
What is a side effect of a drug 
Definition
undesirable or harmful effects of a drug
Term
if a drug interacts with a receptor to stimulate a response it is known as 
Definition
agonist 
Term
if a drug that attaches to a receptor but does not stimulate a response is a called? 
Definition
antagonist 
Term
What is Enteral drug administration?
Definition
the drug is administrated along any portion of the gastrointestinal tract 
Term
What is meant by parenteral administration?
Definition
it is administration by any route other than the gastrointestinal tract 
Term
Where does most enteral drug absorption occur? 
Definition
small intestine 
Term
All injections are considered what route? 
Definition
Parenteral 
Term
What is the maximum volume of drug that can be administered Sub-q 
Definition
0.5 mL or less 
Term
What are the various medications that can be administered through the I.O 
Definition
epi, atropine, sodium bicarbonate, dexamethasone,dopamine, and dobutamine.
Term
What are the different drugs that can be administered through the ET tube? 
Definition

Remember LEAN 

Lidocaine, epi, atropine, and narcan. 

Term
DEF: Pharmaceutics
Definition
its the science of dispensing drugs 
Term
What agency is the sole legal drug enforcement body of the United States? 
Definition

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) 

 

Legal Drug ENFORCEMENT= drug ENFORCEMENT agency 

Term
DEF: Pharmacokinetics
Definition
Is the study of how the body handles a drug over a period of time
Term
For a drug to enter a cell, does it require energy? 
Definition
No, most drugs enter cells by passive diffusion 
Term
 What form of a drug enters a cell more quickly? ionized or nonionized. 
Definition
nonionized aka lipid soluble will diffuse accross a cell wall faster 
Term
how are enteral drugs administered? 
Definition
along any portion of the gi tract 
Term
how are parenteral drugs administered 
Definition
via any route other than the gi tract
Term
what route of drug administration is the least reliable
Definition
enteral
Term
Enteral route- where does most drug absorption occur? 
Definition
upper part of the small intestine 
Term
if a drug forms a creates a storage site by binding to specific tissues- it called? 
Definition
drug reservoir
Term
what is meant by free drug?  
Definition
its the only portion of drug that remains biologically active in contrast to bound drug
Term
what are the two main drug reservoirs? 
Definition
plasma protein binding and tissue binding 
Term
what type of drugs can pass the blood brain barrier?
Definition
lipid soluble drugs 
Term
what is biotransformation (metabolism)?
Definition
it is a process in which the drug is converted to a metabolite 
Term
what is the purpose of biotransformation
Definition
it is to detoxify a drug and render it less active 
Term
where is the primary site for drug biotransformation 
Definition
liver 
Term
what is the primary organ for drug excretion?
Definition
the kidneys
Term
What are the ways that a drug taken by the mother can pass to the fetus or newborn? 
Definition
through the fetus or breastmilk
Term
For childeren- how is the drug dosage normally figured out? 
Definition
its normally based on body weight or surface area
Term
DEF: Pharmacodynamics 
Definition
the study of how a drug acts on living organisms 
Term
DEF: affinity 
Definition
the propensity of a drug to bind or attach itself to a given receptor site 
Term
DEF: Agonist 
Definition
a drug that combines with recptors and initiates the expected response 
Term
DEF: antagonist 
Definition
a drug that binds to a receptor and the presence of which prevents a physiological response to other drugs from binding 
Term
WHat is the max dose that can be administered Sub-Q? 
Definition
0.5 ml or less
Term
therapeutic range 
Definition
its the range of plasma concentrations most likely to produce the desired drug effect with least likelihood of toxicity 
Term
the range between minimum effective concentration and toxic level 
Definition
Term
biological half life 
Definition
it is the length in time that it take the body to metabolize or eliminate 50% of the drug 
Term
how many half lives does it take for the body to eliminate the drug? 
Definition
Term
what is the therapeutic index 
Definition
it measures the relative safety of the drug 
Term
sympathetic nerve fibers are also known as 
Definition
adrenergic 
Term
parasympatetic nerver fibers are known as cholinergic 
Definition
Term
where do sympathetic fibers exit spinal chord 
Definition
from the thoracic and lumbar regions 
Term
where do parasympathetic fibers exit the spinal chord 
Definition
from the cranial and sacral portions 
Term
what is the neurotransmiter for adrenergic nerve fibers
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
what is the neurotransmitter for cholinergic nerve fibers 
Definition
acetylcholine 
Term
what are the two types of cholinergic receptors 
Definition
nicotinic receptors and muscarinic recptors 
Term
of the two cholinergic receptors, which one is the excitatory one? 
Definition
Nicotinic (like nicotine from cigarettes- Increase in pulse and respirations) 
Term
what cholinergic receptors has a slow onset and long duration?
Definition
muscarinic 
Term
synthetic opium is called 
Definition
opioid 
Term
What four organs require the most oxygen rich blood? 
Definition
Heart, Brain, Liver, Kidneys. This important because these organs are going to be affected by a drug first in compairison to other organs
Term
What does the initals NF stand for? 
Definition
National formulary 
Term
True or false- A placebo can have the same result as a pharmacological agent it the patient think it will work
Definition
True
Term
What does the initals USP stand for and indicate? 
Definition
United States Pharmacopeia and denotes the listing of the drug in one of the offical publications
Term
When was the controlled substances act passed? 
Definition
1970 
Term
What is the point of the pure food and drug act? 
Definition
It was meant to protect the public from mislabeled or adulterated drugs
Term
What did the pure food and drug act prohibit? 
Definition
the use of false and misleading claims for drugs 
Term
Why is standardization of drugs necessary? 
Definition

To protect people from buying drugs from different manufactures of varying strenghts and activity.

 

(THIS IS WHY GENERICS ARE AS GOOD AS BRAND NAME) 

Term
How is a drug reservoir formed? 
Definition
A drug will bind to specific tissues and is released when serum levels decline
Term
What is the difference between schedule II and schedule III? 
Definition
Schedule II medications are pure forms of the drug i.e morphine while Schedule III drugs are combinations of drugs from Schedule II and schedule III or IV- I.e morphine mixed with aspirn. 
Term
What are examples of Schedule V drugs? 
Definition

Medications that contain limited amoutns of certain opioids

 

For example- medications for relief of coughs, diarrhea 

Term
What is the FDA responsible for enforcing? 
Definition
The federal food, drug, and cosmetic act 
Term
What is the public health service responsible for? 
Definition
regulation of biological products which include viruses, therapeutic serums, antitoxins, or analogous products. 
Term
________ is the science for dispensing drugs
Definition

Pharmaceutical Phase

(Think of pharmaceutical reps drop of drugs at Dr offices- in essence dispensing them) 

Term
What is dissolution? 
Definition

it is the rate at which a drug disolves into a solution to be used by the body. 

 

 

Term
The faster the rate of __________, the more quickly the durg is absorbed
Definition
dissolution 
Term
________ is the study of how the body handles a drug over time
Definition
Pharmacokinetics 
Term
DEF of Potentiation
Definition
the enhancement of effect caused by the concurrent administration of two drugs in which one drug increases the effect of the other drug 
Term
What is summation
Definition
the summing of the simultaneous effects of two or more drugs such that the combined effect is greater than the effect of either of the drugs when they are given alone
Term
Most drugs enter a cell by what process? 
Definition
passive diffusion 
Term
What has a larger absorption area? The stomach or the small intestine
Definition
The small intestine. Keep in mind its your stomach job to break things down (and not to absorb) to get accepted by the intestine
Term
A non-ionized drug is fat soluble or water soluble? 
Definition
It is fat or lipid soluble 
Term
What is absorbed faster, a drug in a high dose or a drug in a low dose? 
Definition
a drug in a high dose because passive diffusion is how a drug get absorbed 
Term
What is a loading dose? 
Definition
It temporarily exceeds the capacity for excretion of the drug to rapidly establish a therapuic drug level 
Term
What is the purpose of a maintenance dose? 
Definition
To maintain theraputic level. This is done by matching the amount of drug excreted 
Term
What drug route is administered orally, rectally or NG tube? 
Definition
Enteral 
Term
What drug route is the safest
Definition
enteral
Term
What drug admin route is the least reliable? 
Definition
enteral 
Term
What is a benefit of administration of a drug via oral mucosa?
Definition

It gets absorbed systemically producing results of the drug in a few minutes and bypasses first pass metabolism. 

 

Think of how soon the results of nito are seen...

Term
Why does the small intestine have a large absorption area? 
Definition
Becasue of its rich blood supply
Term
Why are most IV drugs administered slowly? 
Definition
to prevent adverse reactions 
Term
What drug admin routes provide absorption rates that are as fast as IV's? 
Definition
I.O route and Edndotracheal route 
Term
Which type of drugs require more time for absorption into the cells-- Lipid soluble or lipid insoluble
Definition
Lipid insoluble 
Term
What part of body stores drug to form a drug reservoir 
Definition
specific tissues 
Term
What is free drug? 
Definition
It is unbound drug that is biologically active (working)
Term
What are the two types of drug reservoirs? 
Definition
plasma protein binding and tissue binding 
Term
When multiple drugs compete for drug reservoirs, what happens? 
Definition
Drug A will push Drug B off of the storage site causing excess drug levels in the blood potentially exceeding theraputic affect
Term
What is the purpose of biotransformation? 
Definition
it is to detoxify a drug and render it less active 
Term
What is the process called that converts a drug into a metabolite? 
Definition
biotransformation (metabolism) 
Term
What is the primary site for drug metabolism? 
Definition
liver 
Term
What other organs can metabolize drugs? 
Definition
plasma, kidneys, lungs and intestinal mucosa 
Term
What organ is the primary organ for excreation? 
Definition
kidney
Term
DEF of excretion? 
Definition
the elimination of toxic or inactive metabolites 
Term
What is the GFR? 
Definition
Glomerular filtration rate- the rate at which kidneys filter and is usually expressed in mL 
Term
How does the excretion of drugs happen through the intestine? 
Definition
the metabolites are carried in bile and passed into the duodenum and are eliminated with the feces 
Term
What is happening if a person is complaining about the taste of a drug even though it was administed intravenously? 
Definition
Salivary Glands are excreting a drug and the person is tasting the drug through the saliva. 
Term
Why is it important that nursing mothers only take certain drugs that wont affect a baby? 
Definition
Becuase mammary glands excrete drug in breast milk that the baby will ingest
Term
Why are children highly sensitive to drugs? 
Definition
because of their immature hepatic and renal systems
Term
The most common form of drug action is the __________ interaction
Definition
drug-receptor
Term
DEF-Efficacy
Definition
the ability of a drug to initiate biological activity as a result of binding to a receptor site
Term
Drug reactive cellular sites are known as ?
Definition
receptors
Term
Drugs that bind t o receptor s and casue an expected physiological response are referred to as _______?
Definition
agonists
Term
Drugs that bind to a receptor and the presence of which prevent a physiological response or other drugs from binding are reffered to as antagonists
Definition
antagonists
Term
How is the biological half life determined
Definition
It is the time it takes to metabolize or eliminate 50% of the drug in the body
Term
 When is a drug considered to be eliminated from the body?
Definition
after 5 half lives have passed
Term
What organs, when dysfucntion exists, can lengthen a drugs half-life.
Definition
liver dysfunction and renal disorders
Term
What is the LD50
Definition
It is the amount of drug that kills 50% of lab animals
Term
What is the ED50
Definition
This dose represents therapeutic efect in 50% of a similar population
Term
If a drug has a theraputic index of 1, what is this telling you?
Definition
It is dangerous to administer
Term
Aqueous solution
Definition
substance dissolved in water and syrups
Term
Aqueous suspension
Definition
solid particles suspended in liquid
Term
Emulsion
Definition
fat or oil suspended in liquid
Term
Spirits
Definition
alcohol solution
Term
Elixir
Definition
aromatic, sweetened alcohol and water solution
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