Term
| The government influenced pharmaceutical companies to develop orphan drugs. What is the premise of orphan drugs? |
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Definition
| Orphan drugs are developed to treat rare and chronic diseases |
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Term
| How do you know that a drug is listed in the United states Pharmacopeia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemical agents used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| its the study of drugs and their actions on the body |
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Term
| The generic name for a drug is also known as the _____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the different names for drugs, what name is the official name approved by the FDA? |
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Definition
| Generic name or non-proprietary name |
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Term
| Trade name is also known as _______? |
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Definition
| Trade or proprietary name |
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Term
| What type of drug name is a trademark name designated by the drug company that sells the medication |
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Definition
| Trade name, brand, or proprietary name |
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Term
| What are different sources of drugs |
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Definition
| Plants, animals and humans, mineral, or chemical substance made in laboratory |
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Term
| In most cases the official name is the same as the ______? |
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Definition
| generic name or nonproprietary name |
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Term
| Where is the best place to find information about a drug |
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Definition
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Term
| The 1906 Pure food and drug act was designed to do what? |
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Definition
| it was to protect the public for adulterated or mislabeled drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Its a technique for measuring a drugs strength an purity |
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Term
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Definition
| it is used to measure the bioequivalence, or relative therapeutic effectiveness of tow chemically equivalent drugs |
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Term
| The controlled substances act of 1970 is also known as |
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Definition
| the comprehensive drug abuse prevetnion and control act |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the controlled substances act? |
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Definition
Also known as the comprehensive drug abuse prevetnion and control act
It created a scheduling system for controlled substances based on abuse potential |
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Term
| What schedule of drugs has a high abuse potential and no accepted medical use |
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Definition
Schedule I
I.e heroin, LSD, Mescaline |
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Term
| What schedule has a high abuse potential and has some accepted medical uses. |
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Definition
Schedual II
I.e Opium, Morphine, Codeine |
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Term
| What is an example of schedule II drugs? |
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Definition
| Drugs that have high abuse potental of almost pure opium, morphine, codeine, amphetamine, cocaine, ect... |
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Term
| What schedule has the lowest abuse potental |
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Definition
Schedule V
I.e medication generally for relief of coughs or diarrhea |
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Term
| What enforcement agency is responsible for the enforcement of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules? |
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Definition
| The Drug Enforcement Agency |
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Term
| What is a therapeutic effect |
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Definition
| its is a desirable action of a drug |
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Term
| What is a side effect of a drug |
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Definition
| undesirable or harmful effects of a drug |
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Term
| if a drug interacts with a receptor to stimulate a response it is known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| if a drug that attaches to a receptor but does not stimulate a response is a called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is Enteral drug administration? |
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Definition
| the drug is administrated along any portion of the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| What is meant by parenteral administration? |
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Definition
| it is administration by any route other than the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| Where does most enteral drug absorption occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| All injections are considered what route? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the maximum volume of drug that can be administered Sub-q |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the various medications that can be administered through the I.O |
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Definition
| epi, atropine, sodium bicarbonate, dexamethasone,dopamine, and dobutamine. |
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Term
| What are the different drugs that can be administered through the ET tube? |
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Definition
Remember LEAN
Lidocaine, epi, atropine, and narcan. |
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Term
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Definition
| its the science of dispensing drugs |
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Term
| What agency is the sole legal drug enforcement body of the United States? |
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Definition
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
Legal Drug ENFORCEMENT= drug ENFORCEMENT agency |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the study of how the body handles a drug over a period of time |
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Term
| For a drug to enter a cell, does it require energy? |
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Definition
| No, most drugs enter cells by passive diffusion |
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Term
| What form of a drug enters a cell more quickly? ionized or nonionized. |
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Definition
| nonionized aka lipid soluble will diffuse accross a cell wall faster |
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Term
| how are enteral drugs administered? |
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Definition
| along any portion of the gi tract |
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Term
| how are parenteral drugs administered |
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Definition
| via any route other than the gi tract |
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Term
| what route of drug administration is the least reliable |
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Definition
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Term
| Enteral route- where does most drug absorption occur? |
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Definition
| upper part of the small intestine |
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Term
| if a drug forms a creates a storage site by binding to specific tissues- it called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is meant by free drug? |
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Definition
| its the only portion of drug that remains biologically active in contrast to bound drug |
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Term
| what are the two main drug reservoirs? |
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Definition
| plasma protein binding and tissue binding |
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Term
| what type of drugs can pass the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is biotransformation (metabolism)? |
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Definition
| it is a process in which the drug is converted to a metabolite |
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Term
| what is the purpose of biotransformation |
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Definition
| it is to detoxify a drug and render it less active |
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Term
| where is the primary site for drug biotransformation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the primary organ for drug excretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ways that a drug taken by the mother can pass to the fetus or newborn? |
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Definition
| through the fetus or breastmilk |
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Term
| For childeren- how is the drug dosage normally figured out? |
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Definition
| its normally based on body weight or surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how a drug acts on living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the propensity of a drug to bind or attach itself to a given receptor site |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that combines with recptors and initiates the expected response |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that binds to a receptor and the presence of which prevents a physiological response to other drugs from binding |
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Term
| WHat is the max dose that can be administered Sub-Q? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| its the range of plasma concentrations most likely to produce the desired drug effect with least likelihood of toxicity |
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Term
| the range between minimum effective concentration and toxic level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is the length in time that it take the body to metabolize or eliminate 50% of the drug |
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Term
| how many half lives does it take for the body to eliminate the drug? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the therapeutic index |
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Definition
| it measures the relative safety of the drug |
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Term
| sympathetic nerve fibers are also known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| parasympatetic nerver fibers are known as cholinergic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do sympathetic fibers exit spinal chord |
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Definition
| from the thoracic and lumbar regions |
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Term
| where do parasympathetic fibers exit the spinal chord |
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Definition
| from the cranial and sacral portions |
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Term
| what is the neurotransmiter for adrenergic nerve fibers |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the neurotransmitter for cholinergic nerve fibers |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the two types of cholinergic receptors |
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Definition
| nicotinic receptors and muscarinic recptors |
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Term
| of the two cholinergic receptors, which one is the excitatory one? |
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Definition
| Nicotinic (like nicotine from cigarettes- Increase in pulse and respirations) |
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Term
| what cholinergic receptors has a slow onset and long duration? |
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Definition
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Term
| synthetic opium is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What four organs require the most oxygen rich blood? |
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Definition
| Heart, Brain, Liver, Kidneys. This important because these organs are going to be affected by a drug first in compairison to other organs |
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Term
| What does the initals NF stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false- A placebo can have the same result as a pharmacological agent it the patient think it will work |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the initals USP stand for and indicate? |
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Definition
| United States Pharmacopeia and denotes the listing of the drug in one of the offical publications |
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Term
| When was the controlled substances act passed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the point of the pure food and drug act? |
|
Definition
| It was meant to protect the public from mislabeled or adulterated drugs |
|
|
Term
| What did the pure food and drug act prohibit? |
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Definition
| the use of false and misleading claims for drugs |
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Term
| Why is standardization of drugs necessary? |
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Definition
To protect people from buying drugs from different manufactures of varying strenghts and activity.
(THIS IS WHY GENERICS ARE AS GOOD AS BRAND NAME) |
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Term
| How is a drug reservoir formed? |
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Definition
| A drug will bind to specific tissues and is released when serum levels decline |
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Term
| What is the difference between schedule II and schedule III? |
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Definition
| Schedule II medications are pure forms of the drug i.e morphine while Schedule III drugs are combinations of drugs from Schedule II and schedule III or IV- I.e morphine mixed with aspirn. |
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Term
| What are examples of Schedule V drugs? |
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Definition
Medications that contain limited amoutns of certain opioids
For example- medications for relief of coughs, diarrhea |
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Term
| What is the FDA responsible for enforcing? |
|
Definition
| The federal food, drug, and cosmetic act |
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Term
| What is the public health service responsible for? |
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Definition
| regulation of biological products which include viruses, therapeutic serums, antitoxins, or analogous products. |
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Term
| ________ is the science for dispensing drugs |
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Definition
Pharmaceutical Phase
(Think of pharmaceutical reps drop of drugs at Dr offices- in essence dispensing them) |
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Term
|
Definition
it is the rate at which a drug disolves into a solution to be used by the body.
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Term
| The faster the rate of __________, the more quickly the durg is absorbed |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ is the study of how the body handles a drug over time |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the enhancement of effect caused by the concurrent administration of two drugs in which one drug increases the effect of the other drug |
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Term
|
Definition
| the summing of the simultaneous effects of two or more drugs such that the combined effect is greater than the effect of either of the drugs when they are given alone |
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Term
| Most drugs enter a cell by what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has a larger absorption area? The stomach or the small intestine |
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Definition
| The small intestine. Keep in mind its your stomach job to break things down (and not to absorb) to get accepted by the intestine |
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Term
| A non-ionized drug is fat soluble or water soluble? |
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Definition
| It is fat or lipid soluble |
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Term
| What is absorbed faster, a drug in a high dose or a drug in a low dose? |
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Definition
| a drug in a high dose because passive diffusion is how a drug get absorbed |
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Term
|
Definition
| It temporarily exceeds the capacity for excretion of the drug to rapidly establish a therapuic drug level |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a maintenance dose? |
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Definition
| To maintain theraputic level. This is done by matching the amount of drug excreted |
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Term
| What drug route is administered orally, rectally or NG tube? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug route is the safest |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug admin route is the least reliable? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a benefit of administration of a drug via oral mucosa? |
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Definition
It gets absorbed systemically producing results of the drug in a few minutes and bypasses first pass metabolism.
Think of how soon the results of nito are seen... |
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Term
| Why does the small intestine have a large absorption area? |
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Definition
| Becasue of its rich blood supply |
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Term
| Why are most IV drugs administered slowly? |
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Definition
| to prevent adverse reactions |
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Term
| What drug admin routes provide absorption rates that are as fast as IV's? |
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Definition
| I.O route and Edndotracheal route |
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Term
| Which type of drugs require more time for absorption into the cells-- Lipid soluble or lipid insoluble |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What part of body stores drug to form a drug reservoir |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is unbound drug that is biologically active (working) |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of drug reservoirs? |
|
Definition
| plasma protein binding and tissue binding |
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Term
| When multiple drugs compete for drug reservoirs, what happens? |
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Definition
| Drug A will push Drug B off of the storage site causing excess drug levels in the blood potentially exceeding theraputic affect |
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Term
| What is the purpose of biotransformation? |
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Definition
| it is to detoxify a drug and render it less active |
|
|
Term
| What is the process called that converts a drug into a metabolite? |
|
Definition
| biotransformation (metabolism) |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary site for drug metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other organs can metabolize drugs? |
|
Definition
| plasma, kidneys, lungs and intestinal mucosa |
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Term
| What organ is the primary organ for excreation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the elimination of toxic or inactive metabolites |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Glomerular filtration rate- the rate at which kidneys filter and is usually expressed in mL |
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Term
| How does the excretion of drugs happen through the intestine? |
|
Definition
| the metabolites are carried in bile and passed into the duodenum and are eliminated with the feces |
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Term
| What is happening if a person is complaining about the taste of a drug even though it was administed intravenously? |
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Definition
| Salivary Glands are excreting a drug and the person is tasting the drug through the saliva. |
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Term
| Why is it important that nursing mothers only take certain drugs that wont affect a baby? |
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Definition
| Becuase mammary glands excrete drug in breast milk that the baby will ingest |
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|
Term
| Why are children highly sensitive to drugs? |
|
Definition
| because of their immature hepatic and renal systems |
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Term
| The most common form of drug action is the __________ interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a drug to initiate biological activity as a result of binding to a receptor site |
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|
Term
| Drug reactive cellular sites are known as ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that bind t o receptor s and casue an expected physiological response are referred to as _______? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that bind to a receptor and the presence of which prevent a physiological response or other drugs from binding are reffered to as antagonists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the biological half life determined |
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Definition
| It is the time it takes to metabolize or eliminate 50% of the drug in the body |
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|
Term
| When is a drug considered to be eliminated from the body? |
|
Definition
| after 5 half lives have passed |
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|
Term
| What organs, when dysfucntion exists, can lengthen a drugs half-life. |
|
Definition
| liver dysfunction and renal disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is the amount of drug that kills 50% of lab animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| This dose represents therapeutic efect in 50% of a similar population |
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Term
| If a drug has a theraputic index of 1, what is this telling you? |
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Definition
| It is dangerous to administer |
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Term
|
Definition
| substance dissolved in water and syrups |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| solid particles suspended in liquid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fat or oil suspended in liquid |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aromatic, sweetened alcohol and water solution |
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