Term
| Which of the following would be least favorable to a cancers ability to metastasize? |
|
Definition
| increased intercellular adhesion |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following contributes the least to ways in which cancers metastasize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true concerning prions? |
|
Definition
| infectious agents smaller than viruses |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is associated with prions? |
|
Definition
| transmissible spongiform encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not a recognized mechanism of microbial antiobiotic resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a recognized mechanism for how microbes obtain antibiotic resistance? |
|
Definition
none of the above!!!
spontaneous mutation
picked up from free DNA
transfer during bacterial sex
obtained from a virus |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following contributes the least to a persons risk of developing cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following differentiates Gram-neg, from Gram-pos. bacteria (ie. true for gram-neg)? |
|
Definition
| they have another membrane outside their cell wall |
|
|
Term
| The recently discovered p73 protein appears to act in a similar fashion to p 53. There it will: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell with active telomerase would: |
|
Definition
| continue dividing indefinately |
|
|
Term
| "Carcinoma in situ" refers to: |
|
Definition
| epithelial cancer that has not crossed the basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following describe the physiologic action of amylin: |
|
Definition
| decreases rate of gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the greatest source of chemical carcinogens to humans: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are needed for malignant tumor to metastasize successfully? |
|
Definition
collagenase secretion
protease secretion
laminin receptors |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are needed for a transformed cell to become malignant |
|
Definition
| increased synthesis of angiogenesis factors |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following factors contribute the least to incidence of cancer? |
|
Definition
| food additives (dyes and preservatives) |
|
|
Term
| The leading casue of mortality from cancer in children is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The leading cause of mortality from cancer in adults is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cancer has the highest incidence (occurrence) in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most commonly occuring cancer among men ages 40-70 is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The greatest source of exposure to carcinogenic agents for most of the population is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neoplastic cell growth may be stimulated by which of the following: |
|
Definition
increased synthesis and secretion of normal growth factor
increased synthesis and deployment of growth factor receptors
increased synthesis of continuously activated DNA transcription factor
increased synthesis of defective, continuously activated signal transducer protein |
|
|
Term
| Mortality from cancer is highest in which of the following groups: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following describe the physiologic action of insulin: |
|
Definition
increase glucose uptake in neurons and hepatocytes
increase breakdown of fats to ketone bodies
increase formation of protein from amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is associted with |
|
Definition
| spongiform encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| Oncogenes are mutated genes that: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following promotes spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies to TSH receptors are associated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies to TPO (thyroid peroxidase) are associated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is NOT true concerning prions? |
|
Definition
| killled by some antiviral drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase synthesis of CDKinase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| p53 levels are increased in response to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased telomerase (TERT) actvity is seen in: |
|
Definition
cancer cells
stem cells
germ cells |
|
|
Term
| Rimantadine is associated with few CNS side effects than Amantadine because it: |
|
Definition
| does not cross the blood-brain barrier very well |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following mediates actions whcih are oppostie to those of Insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetes symptomolgy shows up when: |
|
Definition
| over 90% of beta cells are destroyed |
|
|
Term
| Mortality among US diabetic patients is primarily associated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are mechanisms used to treat viral infections? |
|
Definition
disrupting nucleic acid biosynthesis (usually by inhibiting critical enzymes)
inhibit uncoating
preventing adsorbtion and penetration |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not found in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rational approach to antimicrobial chemotherapy relies on which of the following: |
|
Definition
| there are subtle differences in cellular components or molecules between microbes and humans |
|
|
Term
| Retroviruses are unique because: |
|
Definition
| they can make DNA from RNA |
|
|
Term
| A term which describes an agent that kills microorganisms: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following limit our ability to treat cancer effectively: |
|
Definition
| the toxicity of the drugs to normal tissues |
|
|
Term
| In order to truly cure a person of cancer, what percentage of the cancer cells MUST be killed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic hyperglycemia contributes to which of the following: |
|
Definition
development of heart disease due to atherosclerosis
development of kidney disease (nephropathy)
development of hypertension |
|
|
Term
| Advanced glycosylated endproducts (AGEs) contributes to: |
|
Definition
| macrovascular damage/all of the above |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following contributes the greatest to retinal damage in diabetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extreme dehydration is most likely to be associated with: |
|
Definition
| Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK) |
|
|
Term
| Sorbitol accumulation occurs in cells that: |
|
Definition
| do not require insulin to take up glucose |
|
|
Term
| Obesity primarily contributes to which of the following: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agent which stimulates clonal expansion or growth authonomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agent which can induce cancer in normal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agent which can cause permanent DNA changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agent which induces invasiveness and metastatic ability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocks IIb/IIIa (fibrinogen) receptor to decrease platelet action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anti-TNFalpha used to treat some chronic inflammatory conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IL2 receptor blocker to decrease T-cell action in transplant rejection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocks cytokine production by T-cells to help prevent organ transplant rejection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adenosine deaminase replacement to promote T-cell development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulate acticity of RNase-L which destroys viral RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocks HER2 (EGF) receptors which are overexpressed in 25-30% of breast cancers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increases immune system activity against some cancers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with insulin resistance |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| associated with beta-cell autoantibodies |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| most commonly occurring diabetes in the US |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| incidence increases with obesity |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| associated with HHNK syndrome |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| associated with intracellular sorbitol accumulation |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| associated with absolute requirement for daily insulin injections |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| associated with very high, sustained, hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| women who experienced gestational diabetes are more likely to develop |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| associated with vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy |
|
Definition
| primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| DNA crosslinking by covalently bridging guanine bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit microtubule function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inhibit deoxyribonucleotide synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit enzymes needed for DNA base synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase DNA strand breakge by inhibiting repair enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase DNA strand breakage by inserting between DNA bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA crosslinking by covalently bridging guanine bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit microtuble function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit enzymes needed for DNA base synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increases DNA strand breakage by inhibiting repair enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase DNA strand breakage by inserting between DNA bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit the peroxide-catalyxed steps in thyroxine synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| block the cardovascular stimulation by excess thyroxine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decrease the size of functional thyroid tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tetra-iodothyronine (t4) preparation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases expression of glucose transporters in muscle and adipose cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits digestion of starch and disaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases hepatic glucose production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits breakdown of incretins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates increased secretion of insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates increased secretion of insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases sensitivity of beta-cells to blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits digestion of starch and disaccharides |
|
|
Term
| inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting GTP production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neuroaminidase inhibitor blocks virus release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocks rhinovirus binding to ICAM-I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting GTP production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit peptidoglycan cross linking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit incorporation of peptide subunits into cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit protein synthesis at 30s ribosome level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit protein synthesis by interfering with 50s ribosome function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| also inhibits folate synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibits RNA synthesis by blocking polymerase activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by blocking DNA gyrase activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| attack cell membrane and cause leakage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antifungal that blocks ergosterol synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cancer associated with the poorest survival rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cancer with the highest incidence among males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cancer with the highest incidence among females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cancer with the greatest mortality among males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cancer with the greatest mortaily among females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cancer with declining incidence in the US for the past 3 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Topoisomerase I inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Topoisomerase II inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antiviral used to treat hepatitis C and Kaposi's sarcoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to treat malignant melanoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anti-androgen used to treat prostate cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anti-estrogen used to treat breast cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aromatase inhibitor used to treat breast cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following products would not fall into the category of "dietary supplements"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best measure of the therapeutic potency of a garlic product is its ability to produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whch herbal drug has been generally approved for treatment of such symptoms as vertigo, tinnitus, and memory loss due to diminished cerebral blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 60-year old man comes into the pharmacy and says that he has been diagnosed with BPH (Benign Prostate Hyperplasia) and tells you that his urologist has told him that he has a choice: he can get a prescription drug finasteride or he may want to try an herbal product. Which of the following is generally approved to help patients with BPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This herbal supplment for treatment of mild to moderate depression: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary benefit of preparations made from the herb hawthorn is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following herbs has a specific effect on the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An important advice for patients who are using herbs is which of the following? |
|
Definition
| do not delay seeking conventional medical treatment for serious conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| promotes platelet aggregation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemotactic for neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agent that activates DNA transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| induces fever and hyperplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| induces vasoconstricition and platelet aggregation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| induces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemokines that induce chemotaxis and endothelial cell activation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complement fragments useful as opsonins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leakage of protein-rich fluid from the circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WBCs that predominate in an area of acute imflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemicals that attract WBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| substances that bind to antigens and facilitate phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| released from cell membrane by phospholipase a2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme needed for sunthesis of prostaglandins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme needed for synthesis of leukotrienes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| substances released by activated WBCs to activate orhter immune cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synthesized primarily by activated platelets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sequence of activated proteases that eventually cause an insoluble fibrin meshwork |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagenases are released by white blood cells in order to: |
|
Definition
| emigrate through basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Colecoxib (Celebrex) is a specific COX-2 inhibitor. What are the advantages of this drug compared to aspirin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils primarily emigrate from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following contributes to pruritis (itching)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine-induced increased vascular permeability is achieved by: |
|
Definition
| endothelial cell contraction |
|
|
Term
| Acute inflammation is characterized by: |
|
Definition
edema
increased vascular permeability
accumulation of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Chronic inflammation is characterized by |
|
Definition
| presence of lymphocytes and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Drugs (neoglycopolymers) are being developed that block L-selection activity. Which of the following are they most likely to produce? |
|
Definition
| reduce leukocyte migration |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of steroids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of COX-2 is responsible for |
|
Definition
| the anti-inflammatory activity of aspirin-like NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of COX-1 is responsible for: |
|
Definition
| GI side effects of aspirin-like NSAIDs |
|
|
Term
| NF-kB when activated is assocated with which of the following: |
|
Definition
| activates DNA transcription |
|
|
Term
| Integrins are primarily expressed on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following activities are associated with Leukotriene B4: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspirin can reduce NF-kB activation by: |
|
Definition
| blocking phosphorylation of I-kB |
|
|
Term
| The most potent mediator for vasodilation and increased permeability is: |
|
Definition
| platelet activating factor |
|
|
Term
| The adhesion molecules associated with WBC emigration from the vasculature is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cell/cell adhesion molecules are primarily: |
|
Definition
|
|
