Term
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Definition
| Progressive increase in physical size. |
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Term
| Development Refers to ... |
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Definition
Functional Changes in:Physical, psychomotor, and cognitive capabilities
Psychomotor and cognitive development tend to be more variable |
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Term
| What changes occur during pregnancy and lactation in the body? |
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Definition
| Changes occur in the endocrine, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, cirulatory and the renal system. |
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Term
| How are medications different in a pregnant woman body? |
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Definition
Absorption of drugs
Abdominal/gastric changes affect absorption
Inhaled drugs may be absorbed faster
Distribution and Metabolism
Changes in cardiac output, plasma volume, and regional blood flow change distribution and metabolism
Drug excretion rates may increase |
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Term
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Definition
A substance, organism, or physical agent to which a fetus is exposed that causes permanent abnormality, retardation, or death
There are not “absolute” teratogens |
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Term
| What are the pregnancy periods? |
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Definition
Preimplantation period: weeks 1 to 2 of first trimester
Teratogen either causes death of the embryo or has no effect
Embryonic period: weeks 3 to 8
Period of maximum sensitivity to teratogens
Fetal period: weeks 9 to 40 or until birth
Medications have prolonged duration of action |
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Term
| Five Pregnancy Categories of Drugs |
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Definition
Developed by FDA
No testing on humans possible, so data is sometimes limited
Categories—A, B, C, D, X
Gives no specific clinical information to help guide nurses or their patients about a medication’s true safety |
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Term
| Factors That Affect Drug Exposure Through Lactation |
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Definition
Time between drug administration and breast feeding
Mother’s use of illicit drugs
Amount of drug administered
Amount that reaches fetus tissue
Infant’s ability to metabolize drug |
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Term
| Recommendations for Drug Use During Lactation |
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Definition
Drugs with shorter half-lives preferable
Drugs with long half-lives should be avoided
Drugs with high protein-binding ability should be selected
All OTC herbal products and dietary supplements should be avoided |
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Term
| To reduce the effect of a prescribed medication on the infant of a breast-feeding mother, the nurse should plan to administer the medication when? |
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Definition
| immediately after breast feeding |
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Term
| Thr nurse is preparing to give an injection to an infant. What is the preferred site for newborns and infants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Needs for Adolescents and Pharmacotherapy |
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Definition
Need understanding and respect
Educate about
hazards of tobacco and substance abuse
Sexual intercourse
Eating disorders
Provide important medication information
Allow time for questions
Needs privacy and control |
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Term
| Needs for Young Adults (18-40yrs)and Pharmacotherapy |
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Definition
Minimal need for prescription drugs unless chronic diseases or immune-related conditions exist
Positive medication compliance
Educate about substance abuse and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases |
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Term
| Middle-Aged Adults (40-65)and Pharmacotherapy |
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Definition
Changes begin around 45 years of age
Prescribed drugs for stress-related illnesses. Numerous life transitions
Positive lifestyle changes could prevent drug therapy. "Sandwich generation" |
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Term
| What illnesses Requiring Drug Therapy for Late Middle-Age Adults |
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Definition
Cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
Diabetes
Cancer
Obesity |
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Term
| What is common of Older Adults and Pharmacotherapy |
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Definition
Take multiple medications concurrently, or polypharmacy, is common. Some predictable ailments, but much variability remains
More adverse drug events in geriatric patients
Reminder aids for administration may be used
Maintain independence and dignity |
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Term
| What must one consider with Absorption of Drugs Slower in Older Adults? |
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Definition
Diminished gastric motility
Decreased blood flow to digestive organs, Increased gastric pH |
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Term
| What happens when Distribution Diminished in Older Adults? |
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Definition
Increased body fat
Reduced plasma level
Less body water
Liver produces less albumin
Decreased plasma protein–binding ability
Increased levels of free drugs
Increases potential for drug-drug interaction
Decreased cardiac output |
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Term
| What are ways Metabolism is Reduced in Older Adults |
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Definition
Reduced first-pass metabolism
Decreased production of liver enzymes
Plasma level elevated
Increases half-life of many drugs
Tissue concentrations increased |
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Term
| Excretion Reduced in Older Adults by way of... |
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Definition
Reduced renal blood flow
Reduced glomerular filtration rate
Decreased active tubular secretion
Decreased nephron function
Decreased drug excretion for drugs processed by the kidneys |
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