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Drug effects are not the desired therapeutic effects.
May be unpleasant or even dangerous. |
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Name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company that developed it.
Also called a trade name.
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| Name that reflects the chemical structure of a drug |
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| Chemicals that are introduced into the body to bring about some sort of change |
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| Food and Drug Administration |
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| Federal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies. |
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| Drugs sold by their chemical name: not brand (or trade) name products |
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| the original designation that a drug is given when the drug company tha developed it applies for the approval process |
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| Process of altering DNA, usually of bacteria, to procude a chemical to be used as a drug |
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| Drugs that have been discovered but would not be profitable for a drug company to develop; usually drugs that would treat only a small number of people; these orphans can be adopted by drug companies to develop |
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| Drugs that are availabe without a prescription for self-treatment of a variety of complaints; deemed to be safe when used as directed. |
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| the study of the biological effects fo chemicals |
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| Clinical pharmacology- the branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of disease in humans |
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| a pilot study of a potential drug done with a small number of selected, healthy human volunteers |
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| a clinical study of a proposed drug by selected physicians using actual patients who have the disorder the drug is designed to treat; patients must provide informed consent |
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| Use of a proposed drug on a wide scale in the clinical setting with patients who have the disease the drug is thought to treat |
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| Continual evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing |
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| Initial trial of a chemical thought to have therapeutic potential; uses laboratory animals, not human subjects |
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| Having adverse effects on the fetus |
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| What happens to a drug from time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid; intravenous administration causes the drug to directly enter the circulating blood, bypassing the many complications of absorption from other routes |
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| The movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy biotransformation |
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| Synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning fo foreign cell populations; this term is frequently used to refer to the drug therapy of neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell. |
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| the concentration of a drug must reach in the tissues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired effect. |
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| Movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a drug may be distributed depend on the drug's solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the drug to plasma proteins. |
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| Process by which the resence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activity of that enzyme system |
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| Removal of a drug form the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur through the skin, lungs, bile, or feces. |
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| A phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given by other routes because of this early breakdown. |
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| The passage fo water and water-soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule |
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| the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half fo the peak level it previously achieved |
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| Hepatic Microsomal system |
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| liver enzymes tightly packed together in the haptic intracellular structure, responsible for the biotransformation fo chemicals, including drugs. |
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| Use of a higher dose than that which is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner |
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| Movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energy |
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| the science that deals with the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs, tha enter living organisms; the way a drug affects the body |
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| The study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs |
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| the way the body deals with a drug, including absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion |
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| Documented effect fo the mind on drug therapy; if a person per eives that drug will be effective, the drug is much more likely to actually be effective |
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| Specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell |
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| Property of a chemotherapeutic agent that affects only systems found in foreign cells without affecting healthy human cells (e.g., specific antibiotics can affect certain proteins or enzyme systems used by bacteria but not by human cells) |
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| Bone marrow depression caused by drug effects on the rapidly multiplying cells fo the bone marrow; lower than normal levels of blood components can be seen |
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| Skin reactions commonly seen as adverse effects of drugs; can range from simple rash to potentially fatal exfoliative dermatitis |
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| Formation of antibodies to a drug or drug protein; causes an immune response when the person is next exposed to that drug |
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| excessive responsiveness to either the primary or the secondary effects of a drug; may be caused by a pathological condition or, in the absence of one, by a particular patient's individual response. |
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| Overdose of a drug that causes damage multiple body systems and has the potential for fatal reactions |
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| inflammation of the mucous membranes related to drug effects; can lead to alterations in nutrition and dental problems |
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| infections caused by the destruction of bacteria fo the normal flora by certain drugs, which allow other bacteria to enter the body and cause infection; may occur during the course of antibiotic therapy |
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| information gathering regarding the current status of a particular patient, including evaluation of past history and physical examination; provides a baseline of information and clues to effectiveness of therapy. |
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| part of the nursing process; determining the effects of the interventions that wer instituted for the patient and leading to further assessment and intevention |
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| actions undertaken to meet apatient's needs, such as adminstration of drugs, comfort measures, or patient teaching |
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| the art of nurturing and adminstering to the sick, combined with the scientific application of the chemistry, anatomy, physiology, biology, nutrition, psychology, and pharmacology to the particular clinical situation |
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| statement of an actual or potential problem, based on the assessment of a particular clinical situation, which directs neeed nursing interventions |
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| the problem-solving process used to provide efficient nursing care: it involves gathering information, formulating a nursing diagnosis statemtn, carrying out interventions, and evaluating the process. |
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| a very old system of measure that was specifically developed for use by apothecaries of pharmacists; it uses the minim as the basic unit of liquid measure and the grain as the basic unit of solid measure |
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a method determining the correct drug dose for a child based on the known adult does (assumes that the adult dose is based on a 150lb. person); it states (child's dose=weight of child (lbs)/150lbs x average adult dose
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| finding the equvalent values between two systems of measures |
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a method of determining a pediatric drug dose for a child younger than 1 year of age, based on the child's age and the usual adult does (assumes that an adult does would be appropriate for a 12.5 year-old-child); it states:
child's dose (age <1year)= child's age (mos)/150 (mos) x average adult dose |
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the most widely used system of measure; based on the decimal system; all units in the system are determined as multiples of 10
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| An equation in which a ratio containing two known equivalent amounts is on one side and a ratio containing the amount desired to convert and its unknown equivalent is on the other side |
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a method for determining pediatric drug dose based on the child's age and the usual adult dose; it states:
child's dose (age 1-12yr)= child's age (yr)/child's age (yr) +12
x average adult dose |
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| includes herbs and other natural products as often found in ancient records; these products are not controlled or tested by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; however, they are often the basis for the discovey of an active ingredient that is later developed into a regulated medication |
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| so-called germ warfare; the use fo bacteria, viruses, and parasites on a large scale to incapacitate or destroy a population |
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| a comparison of the relative cost of the same drug provided by different manufactures to determine the costs to the consumer |
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| the worldwide digital information system accessed through computer systems |
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| uses of a drug that are not part of the stated therapeutic indications for which the drug was approved by the FDA; off-label uses may lead to new indications for a drug |
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| tendency for patients to self-diagnose and determine their own treatment needs |
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| nonprescription drugs with no known therapeutic use; used to enhance mood or increase pleasure |
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