Term
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Definition
| involves applying drug preparations to the skin or mucous membranes, including the eyes, ears, nose, rectum, vagina,and lungs. |
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Term
| Disadvantages of topical routes |
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Definition
| the topical drugs are only intended for one site. Ex: ophthalmic drugs are intended only for the eyes. |
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Term
| Advantage to topical drugs |
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Definition
| topical drugs usually act locally |
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Term
| Absorption increases w/ topical drugs under the following circumstances: |
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Definition
-The skin is abraded (chafed) or denuded (to strip off surface layers).
-Drug is added to a specific solvent because only lipid soluble substances are absorbed through intact skin.
-Teh medicated skin is covered by an occlusive dressing (e.g. in tx for psoriasis). |
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Term
| Advantages of transdermal drug delivery route: |
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Definition
-it has an ability to avoid first-pass effects(when a drug loses their effectiveness when they first pass through the liver).
-usually requires less frequent application |
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Term
| How a nurse can maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects when using topical drugs: |
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Definition
| The nurse should wear gloves or use an applicator to avoid infecting the patient and to protect her own skin from the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of removing a drug, or its metabolites from the body. Most common route is through, the urine, but other routes include bile in the GI tract, expired air from lungs, breast milk, sweat, and saliva. |
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Term
| Factors that affect renal excretion |
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Definition
| drug excretion can be increased if the pH of the urine encourages the drug to become an ion. (acids will ionize in basic environments, and bases will ionize in acidic environments) |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of time that is required to remove half (50%) of the blood concentration of a drug. Some have a half life of minutes, some days. |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which the amt of drug being administered and amt being eliminated balance off. this balance creates a stable level of the drug in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| several pharmakokinetic factors that work together to affect the rate at which drug molecules disappear from the circulatory system. Renal excretion and hepatic metabolism are both major modes of clearance. |
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Term
| Factors that influence clearance |
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Definition
| gender, some drugs are cleared more rapidly in females than males and vice verse. Slower clearance means the drug stays in circulation longer, increasing half-life and the potential for increased therapeutic and adverse effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| special sites on cells that drugs can attach to and create their effects. At the receptor site the drug is able to stimulate the cell to act in a way that the cell is designed to act. |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that promote a function, they attach to the receptor and stimulate the cell to act. |
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Term
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Definition
| by attaching to a receptor, drug molecules can prevent something else from attaching and causing an effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| a drugs attraction to receptor sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amt of a drug that must be given in order to produce a particular response. a drug that is highly potent requires less of the drug to produce its effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| How well a drug produces its desired effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a dose is administered consistently over time (ex: every day) |
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Term
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Definition
| larger than normal doses used when therapy is initiated with drugs that have very long half-lives. Used to quickly achieve a blood level of the drutg that is in therapeutic range even though it hasn't reached steady state. |
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Term
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Definition
| To determine the safety of a drug. The lethal dose (LD) is compared to the effective dose (ED). This relation is called the therapeutic index. |
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Term
| Therapeutic index equation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dose response curve: the relation between the drug dose and response is plotted on a graph |
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