Term
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Definition
| used for pain control. They can be administered as a one-time dose in an emergent setting or a patient may be prescribed these medications for a chronic condition. The narcotic analgesics are schedule II controlled substances. These drugs are addictive with a high abuse potential. Many of the non-narcotic analgesics can be purchased over the counter. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Oxycodone (Percodan/Percicet, Tylox, OxyContin) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Propoxyphene (Darvocet, Darvon, Wygesic) |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Datril) |
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Definition
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Term
| Aspirin (Bayer, Anacin, Bufferin) |
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Definition
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Term
| Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, Nuprin) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| e one of the first groups of drugs used to treat depression and bi-polar disorders. They can be effective however in overdose are deadly. Tricyclics are usually prescribed in small quantities to avoid potential overdose. With the availability of new drugs found to be just as effective and less toxic, tricyclics are being prescribed less for bi-polar disorders and depression. However, they have also been found effective in the treatment of migraines, seizures and addictive disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to treat depression and phobias. An enzyme used in the degradation on catecholamines. If this enzyme is inhibited, catacholamines and serotonin levels increase resulting in a psychostimulation. Because of the increase catcholamine concentrations, patients taking MAO inhibitors should avoid any sympathomimetic drug as this could result in a hypertensive crisis. In addition, persons taking MAO inhibitors have been found to experience hypertensive crisis when consuming substances containing tyramine; wines and aged cheeses. |
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Term
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Definition
Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
Phenelzine (Nardil) |
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Term
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Definition
| first choice in antidepressant therapy. They have been shown to be effective in patients with severe depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders and eating disorders. SSRIs are well tolerated with few side effects. Of the side effects gastrointestinal disturbances, headache and sexual dysfunction are some of the more common. There is a very low risk of fatality following overdose. |
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Definition
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Definition
| represent a tetracyclic antipepressant. These drugs potentiate norepinephrine and block dopamine receptors and have slight anticholinergic effects. Trazadone (Desyrel) has been know to cause priapism in young males, occasionally requiring emergency surgical intervention. |
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Definition
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Definition
| originally discovered while looking for a better antihistamine. They were found to decrease symptoms inpatients with schizophrenia. These drugs vary in potency and all work to occupy Dopamine sites resulting in decreased psychosis and sedative effect. All of these drugs can create extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE) including tardaive dyskinesia and dystonia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the Greek word for stone. It was initially used as a salt substitute for cardiac patients but was removed from the market with lethal side effects. It is currently used as a mood stabilizing agent. The exact mechanism of action of these drugs is not exactly known other then the effects are related to the drugs ability to respond to neurotransmitters by replacing the sodium ion. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Class I sodium channel inhibitors |
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Definition
| affect the fast sodium channels by slowing the influx of sodium into the cell. This has an effect on phase 0 of the action potential cycle, slowing the depolarization of the cell. |
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Term
| Class IA Sodium Channel Inhibitors (def) |
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Definition
| affect the potassium channels in addition to sodium channels. This results in lengthening of phase 2 of the action potential cycle. This increases the absolute refractory period of the heart halting ventricular tachycardia. Extending phase 2 results in a lengthened QT interval which is a common cause of Torsades de Pointes. These antiarrythmics also block alpha sites resulting is decreased blood pressures. Despite potential side effects, Quinidine remains one of the most commonly prescribed ventricular antiarrythmic. |
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Term
| Class IB Sodium Channel Inhibitors |
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Definition
| affect the fast sodium channels without affecting phase 2 of the action potential cycle. Prophylactic use of these drugs is decreasing. Lidocaine is requires potassium to be effective, thus it is most effective with increased potssium found with myocardial ischemia and post cardiac surgery. |
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Term
| Class IC Sodium Channel Inhibitors |
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Definition
| affect the fast sodium channels more than the other class I agents. Prophylactic use of these drugs is rare as they present with extreme electrical depression, decreasing inotropic function and widening the QRS complex. They are commonly used as a last resort. |
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Term
| Class II Beta Blockers (def) |
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Definition
| receptor sites on cardiac cells trigger the cyclic AMP resulting in the opening of calcium channels. The influx of calcium into the cell results in an increase of heart rate and force on contractility. Beta Blockers inhibit the stimulation of these beta sites resulting in the opposite effects; decreased rate and force of contractility. Extended use of beta blockers results in an increase of beta sites on cell walls. Acute cessation of beta blocker administration can result in excessive sympathetic stimulation. Glucagon can be useful in overdose situations involving beta blockers. |
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Term
| Class III Potassium Inhibitors |
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Definition
| inhibit the potassium channels altering phase 2 of the cardiac action potential cycle. Both of the below listed drugs also have other antiarrythmic effects. Sotalol is also considered a beta blocker and Amiodarone has mild sodium channel and calcium channel blocking properties as well. Long term use of these medications can precipitate torsades de pointes. Amiodarone is being used more frequently in emergency medicine. |
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Term
| Class IV Calcium Channel Blockers (Def) |
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Definition
| In general these drugs block calcium sites resulting in slowed cardiac conduction, decreased force of cardiac contraction and vaso-dilation. Calcium channel blockers are divided into two groups; Dihydropyridines (DHP) and Non Dihydropyridines (non-DHP). DHPs are vascular specific, L-Type channels, where as non-DHPs are cardiac specific T-Type channels. Although all of these drugs have similar effect, the DHPs are commonly used to treat hypertension and the non-DHPs are used to treat cardiac dysrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation. |
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Term
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Definition
| are not fully understood. output in patients with heart failure. Secondarily they control conduction through the AV node finding use in patients with Atrial Fibrillation. In patients without heart failure a decrease in cardiac output may be seen. The method of action is to inhibit the sodium / potassium pump resulting in an increased intracellular concentration of calcium. There is also a parasympathetic stimulation and sympathetic inhibition. Cardiac Glycosides are absorbed through the intestinal wall and are dependant in intestinal flora. Thus, Erythromycin and tetracycline can alter therapeutic levels. H2 blockers such as cimetidine (Tagamet) can slow biotransformation. With toxic levels all cardiac dysrhythmias have been noted. Patients with toxic levels will also have yellowed vision and ringing in their ears. |
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Term
| Diuretics - Potassiums Sparing (def) |
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Definition
| These drugs act to increase urine concentration in the kidneys without loosing potassium. This action must be monitored as these drugs can create an increase in potassium resulting in hyperkalemia. |
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Term
| Diuretics - Potassium Sparing |
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Definition
| Amiloride (Moduretic, Midamor) |
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Term
| Diurectics (K+ wasting) def |
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Definition
These drugs act to increase urine concentration in the kidneys without attempting to regulate potassium loss. Patients prescribed these medications are commonly taking a potassium supplement in addition to their diuretic. Chlorothiazide (Diuril)
Furosemide (Lasix)
Hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, Hydrodiuril, HCTZ) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the angiotension converting enzyme responsible for converting Angiotension I to Angiotension II which is a very strong vasoconstrictor. These medications stop that conversion stopping or limiting the creation of Angiotension II. Patients on these medications will commonly develop a dry cough and angio edema. |
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Term
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Definition
These medications help control blood pressure by blocking the Alpha1 receptor sites in the smooth muscle of the blood vessels. This results in a vasodilatory effect decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and preload. Mild tachycardia is a common side effect of these medications.
Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Minoxidil (Loniten)
Prazosin (Minipress) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Nitrates / Nitrites
Nitrates and Nitrites are esters of nitrous or nitric acid. They are commonly used for the relief of cardiac induced chest discomfort. These medications result in the relaxation of smooth muscle tissue. This action results in venous and arterial dilation, resulting in decreased cardiac oxygen demand. A tolerance can be established to these drugs. |
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Term
| Antihyperlipidemics (def) |
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Definition
| The exact mechanism of action for all of these agents has not been fully elicited. They all work to decrease total LDL cholesterol. Multiple attempts to control cholesterol with diet and exercise should occur before prescribing these medications. Patients should be monitored for alterations in metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coumadin and Indandione derivatives are some of the original anticoagulants. These medications are indirect-acting anticoagulants. They alter the synthesis of blood coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII (proconvertin), IX (Christmas factor) and X (Stuart-Prower factor). These drugs are used for prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, valve replacement and other surgeries. Warfarin sodium is commonly used in rodent poisons. Newer drugs like Plavix inhibit ADP (adenosine diphosphate) stopping the activation of glycoprotien IIb/IIIa thus stopping the clotting cascade. |
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Term
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Definition
| preparations are usually taken by patients with type I Diabetes Mellitus. These persons have effectively no insulin production. These medications usually have to be refrigerated and are administered subcutaneous or intramuscularly. Dosing is based on the severity of the patient’s diabetes and the onset time of the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| are administered to Type II Diabetes Mellitus. These patients usually have some insulin production but have the inability to use their insulin or insulin production requires stimulation. In some cases, sugar release is slowed to match insulin production. Diet and exercise should be tired first to treat the type II diabetic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce the body’s resistance to its own insulin. This allows the insulin to be effective at the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate the body’s pancreas to produce more insulin. |
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Term
| Alpha-glucosidease Inhibitors (def) |
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Definition
| slow the breakdown of food into glucose resulting in a slower release of glucose into the blood. Precose (acarbose tablest) Glyset (migitol) |
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Term
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Definition
| work to slow the liver’s release of stored glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs are versions of thyroxine. They are used to replace thyroxine in patients with hypothyroidism. They increase metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs are mediated through the neurotransmitter ץ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These drugs act at the limbic, thalamic and hypothalamic levels of the central nervous system and are able to produce all levels of CNS depression from mild sedation to coma. Tolerance and dependence can develop with prolonged use of benzodiazepines. |
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Term
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Definition
| act throughout the central nervous system but appear to focus on the midbrain reticular formation responsible for alertness. Barbiturates are capable of producing all levels CNS depression from mild sedation to coma. Alurate (aprobarbital) |
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Term
| Other Anticonvulsants/Sedatives (meds) |
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Definition
Dilantin (phenytoin)
Tegretol (carbamazepine) |
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Term
| Inhaled Sympathomometics (Bronchodialator) Meds |
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Definition
| Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) |
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Term
| Theophylline meds (bronchiodialators) |
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Definition
Bronkodul
Theo-Dur
Theolair
Slo-Bid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dimetane (brompheniramine maleate) |
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Term
| Antihistamines commonly used to treat ulcers |
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Definition
| Tagamet (cimetidine) Carafate (sucralfate) Zantac (rantidine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Doxepin (Sinequan, Adapin) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tranylcypromine (Parnate) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Venlafaxine (Effexor) SNRI |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Olanzapine (Zyprexa) atypical antipsychotic |
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Term
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Definition
| Resperidone (Resperdal) atypical antipsychotic |
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Term
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Definition
| Resperidone (Resperdal) atypical antipsychotic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Trifluoperazine (Stelazine |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Class III Potassium Channel Blockers |
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Definition
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Term
| Class III Potassium Channel Blocker |
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Definition
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Term
| Class IV Calcium Channel Blocker - DHP |
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Definition
| Nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat) |
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Term
| Class IV Calcium Channel Blocker - DHP |
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Definition
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Term
| Class IV Calcium Channel Blockers - Non-DHP |
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Definition
Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verlan)
Diltiazem (Cardiazem) |
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Term
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Definition
Digitoxin (Crystodigin)
Digoxin (Lanoxin) |
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Term
| Diuretics - Potassium Sparing |
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Definition
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Spironolactione + HCTZ (Aldactazide)
Triamterene (Dyrenium)
Triamterene + HCTZ (Dyazide) |
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Term
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Definition
Accupril
Benazepril (Lotensin)
Catopril
Lisinopril
Enalapril |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Isosorbide (Isordil)
Nitroglycerine (Nitro-Bid, Nitrodisc, NitroDur, Nitrol, Nitrostat) |
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Term
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Definition
Lipitor (atrovastatin)
Mevacor (lovastatin)
Altocor (lovastatin ER)
Prevalite (cholestyramine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevalite (cholestyramine) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Coumadin (warfarin sodium, dicumarol) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Heparin sodium (factor III, heparin cofactor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plavix (clopidogrel bisulfate) |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
NPH Iletin
Regular Iletin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Avandia (rosiglitazonemaleate) |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Amaryl (flimepiride tablets) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Diabinese (chlopropamide) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glynase (micronized glyburide tablets) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Alpha-glucosidease Inhibitor |
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Definition
| Precose (acarbose tablest) |
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Term
| Alpha-glucosidease Inhibitor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glucophage (metaformin hydrochloride) |
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Term
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Definition
Thyroid Synthroid, Levothroid (levothyroxine)
Proloid (thyroglobulin) |
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Term
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Definition
Xanax (alprozolam)
Valium (diazepam)
Dalmane (flurazepam)
Ativan (lorazepam)
Serax (oxaepam)
Centrax (prazepam)
Resteril (temazepam) |
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Term
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Definition
Butisol (butabarbital)
Nembal (pentobarbital)
Donnatal (phenobarbital)
Secobarbital Phenobarbital |
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Term
| Theophylline meds (bronchiodialators |
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Definition
| Isoetharine (Bronkometer, Bronkosol) |
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Term
| Theophylline meds (bronchiodialators |
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Definition
| Metaproterenol (Metaprel, Alupent) |
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Term
| Theophylline meds (bronchiodialators |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Beclovent (beclomethasone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Celestone (betamethasone) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Solu-medrol (methylprednisolone) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Demetapp (brompheniramine maleate + phenylptopanolamine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlor-Trimeton (chlotpheniramine maleate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Allerest (phenylpropanolamine + chlorpheniramine maleate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Novahistine (phenylpropanolamine + chlorpheniramine maleate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Triaminic (phenylpropanolamine pheniramine maleate + pyrilamine maleate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Actifed (pseudoepherine + triprolidine) |
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Definition
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