Term
acetylcysteine
(Acetadote, Mucomyst, Cetylev) |
|
Definition
PO: (Acetadote) Prevention or lessening of liver damage following acetaminophen overdose.
Inhaln: (Mucomyst) Lowers the viscosity of mucus. |
|
|
Term
alteplase
(Activase
Cathflo Activase
tissue plasminogen activator
t-PA) |
|
Definition
Lysis of thrombi causing ischemic stroke.
Lysis of thrombi in coronary arteries.
Lysis of pulmonary emboli.
Restoration of clotted cannula or catheter.
Unlabeled Uses:
DVT
acute peripheral arterial thrombosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased GI tract absorption of drugs/chemicals following overdose or poisoning. |
|
|
Term
acyclovir
(Sitavig
Xerese [Canada]
Zovirax) |
|
Definition
| Antiviral. Reduced time for healing of lesions. |
|
|
Term
adenosine
(Adenocard
Adenoscan) |
|
Definition
Converts SVT to normal sinus rhythm (when vagal maneuvers are unsuccessful).
When used to cardiovert, for a few seconds, ventricular asystole is normal.
Half-life: <10 sec
6 mg rapid IV push; If no results, repeat 1-2 min later with 12 mg rapid IV push. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Expansion of plasma volume and maintenance of cardiac output in situations associated with fluid volume deficit, including shock, hemorrhage, and burns.
Temporary replacement of albumin in diseases associated with low levels of plasma proteins, such as nephrotic syndrome or end-stage liver disease, resulting in relief or reduction of associated edema. |
|
|
Term
amiodarone
(Cordarone
Nexterone
Pacerone) |
|
Definition
Suppression of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias unresponsive to less toxic agents.
ACLS for VF/pVT: 300 mg IV/IO, 2nd dose after 3-5 min 150 mg |
|
|
Term
amoxicillin
(Amoxil
Moxatag
Novamoxin [Canada]
Trimox) |
|
Definition
| broad spectrum antibiotic (broader than penicillins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
broad spectrum antibiotic. IV Rate: 30 min.
Often used for perioperative prophylaxis:
Preoperation < 1 hr
Postop: for 24-48 hours |
|
|
Term
| acetylsalicylic acid / aspirin / ASA |
|
Definition
NSAID (analgesia & inflammation)
Decreases incidence of TIA (transient ischemic attack) and MI by decreasing platelet aggregation (50-325 mg once daily--usually 81mg)(in ED 81 mg chewable x 4 = 324 mg aspirin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
benzodiazepine
Depresses the CNS causing sedation, decreased anxiety, and decreased seizures.
Anxiety: PO: 1-4 mg
Status Epilepticus: IM: IV: 4 mg, may repeat after 10-15 min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anticholinergic. Antimuscarinic.
Symptomatic Bradycardia (ACLS): IV 0.5 mg q 3-5 min, max 3 mg.
For anticholinesterase (organophosphate pesticide) poisoning (reversal of adverse muscarinic effects):
IM: 2 mg q 10 min as needed up to 3 times
IV: 1-2 mg q 10-20 min until atropinic effects observed, then q 1-4 hr for 24 hr; up to 50 mg in first 24 hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anticholinergic bronchodilator (w/o systemic anticholinergic effects) usually administered via a metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer tx usually combined with another bronchodilator like albuterol usually for asthma, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
Intranasal: Decreased rhinorrhea. |
|
|
Term
amoxicillin/clavulanate
(Augmentin) |
|
Definition
PO antibiotic
CI in hypersensitivity to penicillin or clavulanate |
|
|
Term
azithromycin
(Zithromax
Zmax) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
(Bactrim, Septra, Cotrimoxazole) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
factor IX
(Bebulin, AlphaNine, BenFix, Mononine, Profilnine, Proplex) |
|
Definition
replacement of deficient [blood clotting] factor IX
(hemophilia B or Christmas disease) |
|
|
Term
diphenhydramine
(Benadryl) |
|
Definition
antihistamine
Decreased symptoms of histamine excess (sneezing, rhinorrhea, ocular tearing and redness, nasal and ocular pruritus, urticaria).
25-50 mg q 4 hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0.2% prednisolone + 10% sodium sulfacetamide
eye drops used for conjunctivitis and other superficial ocular infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mainly contains:
benzocaine (topical anesthetic)
antipyrine (analgesic/anti-inflammatory)
Also contains:
glycerin (softens earwax)
zinc acetate (protects skin)
ear drops for otitis media (middle ear inflammation) and also ear wax removal |
|
|
Term
calcium gluconate
(Kalcinate) |
|
Definition
Ca replacement
IV: Emergency tx of:
hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia,
cardiac arrest,
and calcium channel blocking agent toxicity
Ca gluconate can go in PIV
Ca chloride in central lines only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calcium channel blocker
antihypertensive (decreases BP)
PO: 20-40 mg tid
IV:
Substitute for PO nicardipine: 0.5 - 2.2 mg/hr
Pts not receiving PO nicardipine: initiate at 5 mg/hr, may increase by 2.5 mg q 5-15 min as needed (up to 15 mg/hr) |
|
|
Term
diltiazem
(Cardizem,
Cartia,
Tiazac) |
|
Definition
calcium channel blocker
antihypertensive, systemic vasodilation decreases BP
arrhythmic (class IV), reduces ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation or flutter
PO or IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibiotic
IM or IV: (infuse over 30 min)
monitor tongue / oral cavity / long term use can cause overgrowth of organisms |
|
|
Term
Cetacaine
(14% benzocaine + 2% tetracaine + 2% butamben + .005% cetyl dimethyl ethyl ammonium bromide) |
|
Definition
| topical/local anesthetic spray, usually to mucous membranes to numb area or to prevent gagging. Usually lasts 30-60 mins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibiotic
PO or IV: 400-750 mg (infuse over 1 hr to minimize venous irritation) |
|
|
Term
clindamycin
(Cleocin, Clinda, Clindagel, Clindesse, Clindets, Delacin, Evoclin) |
|
Definition
antibiotic
PO, IM, or IV (infuse no more than 30 mg/min, hypotension and cardiopulmonary arrest have been reported following rapid IV administration) |
|
|
Term
colchicine
(Colcrys, Mitigare) |
|
Definition
reduces pain, inflammation, and number of attacks of gout
PO med
also used for Familial Mediterranean Fever |
|
|
Term
desmopressin
(DDAVP, Nocdurna, Nociva, Stimate) |
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone, treats DI (diabetes insipidus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opioid
PO, SubQ, IM: usually 50 mg q 3-4 hr (some instances 100 mg) (not to exceed 600 mg/24 hr)
IV: 15-35 mg/hr continuous infusion
IV push: dilute with sterile water or 0.9% NaCl < or equal to 10 mg/mL push over at least 5 mins; otherwise make concentration 1 mg/mL and administer over 15-30 mins
Rapid administration may lead to respiratory depression, hypotension, and circulatory collapse. |
|
|
Term
dexamethasone
(Dexasone, DexPak) |
|
Definition
steroid - suppresses inflammation and modifies the normal immune response
PO, IM, IV (IV push 4-10 mg/mL over 1-4 min or infuse 10 mg/mL over 15-30 min) |
|
|
Term
diazepam
(Diastat, Valium) |
|
Definition
benzodiazepine - CNS depressant for anziety, sedation, amnesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, to decrease seizure activity)
PO, IM, IV, rectal
Usually 2-10 mg (up to 20 mg)
IV push: 5 mg/mL at 5 mg/min to avoid apnea, hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac arrest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 b's:
beta-blocker
bradycardia (decreases HR) & (decreases BP [heart pumps slower, but more efficiently])
bronchospasm [potential side effect of beta-blockers] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
SE’s:
dry, hacking cough
angioedema—swelling in back of throat
hyperkalemia
Similar to ACE-inhibitors are ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers). Sometimes ARBs are used if ACE-inhibitors are not tolerated. ARBs end in –sartan, as in losartan (Cozaar). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers). Similar to ACE-inhibitors. Sometimes ARBs are used if ACE-inhibitors are not tolerated. ARBs end in –sartan, as in losartan (Cozaar). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
naproxen
(Aleve, Anaprox, Maxidol, Naprelan, Naprosyn) |
|
Definition
NSAID
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fluconazole
(Diflucan, Canesoral, Monicure) |
|
Definition
antifungal
IV Rate: 1-2 hrs. Do not exceed a rate of 200 mg/hr |
|
|
Term
digoxin immune Fab
(Digibind, DigiFab) |
|
Definition
| digoxin antidote given IV |
|
|
Term
digoxin
(Lanoxin, Toloxin) |
|
Definition
inotropic / antiarrhythmic
Increases CO (positive inotropic effect) and slows heart rate (negative chronotropic effect)
Indications: heart failure, a-fib & a-flutter (slows ventricular rate), paroxysmal atrial tachycardia |
|
|
Term
phenytoin
(Dilantin, Phenytek, Tremytoine) |
|
Definition
antiarrhythmic / anticonvulsant
diminishes seizure activity and terminates some ventricular arrhythmias
PO and IV
IM administration is not recommended due to erratic absorption and pain on injection. Oral route should be used whenever possible. |
|
|
Term
hydromorphone
(Dilaudid, Exalgo, Jurnista) |
|
Definition
opioid
1.5 mg q 3-4 hr initially, then may increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combination vaccine for 3 bacterial diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, & pertussis (whooping cough)
Td is a booster vaccine for tetanus and diphtheria. It does not protect against pertussis. Tetanus enters the body through a wound or cut. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adrenergic / inotropic
increases CO w/o significantly increasing HR
Stimulates beta-1 (myocardial)-adrenergic receptors with relatively minor effect on HR or peripheral blood vessels
short term, < 48 hr, mgmt of heart failure (half-life 2 min, has a brief duration)
administered by IV infusion only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NS (0.9% sodium chloride)
D5W (dextrose 5% in water)
LR (lactated Ringer's)
Blood Components:
albumin 5%
plasma
Hypotonic: cells swell (water into cells)
1/2 NS (0.45% sodium chloride)
1/3 NS (0.33% sodium chloride)
Hypertonic: cells shrink (water out of cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal parts (10 mL each) maalox (or mylanta or some antacid), donnatal, and viscous lidocaine |
|
|
Term
dopamine
(Intropin, Revimine) |
|
Definition
adrenergic. vasopressor. inotropic.
Increases CO, BP, and improves renal blood flow.
Bradycardia with a Pulse: IV infusion usual rate 2-20 mcg/kg/min. Titrate to patient response; taper slowly (ACLS).
ROSC (ACLS): 5-10 mcg/kg/min (in 70 kg adult: 7-35 mcg/min).
IV: (Adults):
Dopaminergic (renal vasodilation) effects: 1–5 mcg/kg/min.
Beta-adrenergic (cardiac stimulation) effects: 5–15 mcg/kg/min.
Alpha-adrenergic (increased peripheral vascular resistance) effects: >15 mcg/kg/min
Half-life 2 min (duration <10 min). |
|
|
Term
doxycycline
(Acticlate,
Apprilon,
Atridox,
Doryx,
Doryx MPC,
Doxy,
Doxy Caps,
Doxycin,
Doxytab,
Monodox,
Oracea,
Periostat,
Vibramycin) |
|
Definition
ABX
IV rate over 1–4 hr to avoid extravasation |
|
|
Term
epinephrine
(Adrenaclick,
Adrenalin,
Allerject,
Anapen,
Anapen Junior,
Auvi-Q,
EpiPen,
S-2 [racepinephrine]) |
|
Definition
adrenergic. vasopressor. bronchodilator.
Increases HR & BP. Bronchodilation.
1:1000 injection will be labeled as 1 mg/mL
1:10,000 injection will be labeled as 0.1 mg/mL
Anaphylaxis: IM: 1 mg/mL (1:1000), Adults & Children ≥30 kg, 0.3–0.5 mg (single dose not to exceed 0.5 mg); may repeat q 10–15 min as needed.
Cardiac Arrest: IV: 0.1 mg/mL (1:10,000), 1 mg q 3–5 min
Bradycardia: IV: 2–10 mcg/min infusion. Titrate to pt response.
Racemic epinephrine via nebulizer for management of upper airway obstruction, i.e. croup (acute laryngotracheitis)
ROSC: IV infusion: 0.1-0.5 mcg/kg per min (in 70 kg adult: 7-35 mcg/min). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
erythromycin
(Erybid,
Eryc,
Ery-Tab,
PCE) |
|
Definition
| ABX. infuse over 60 min to avoid phlebitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
general anesthetic. hypnotic CNS depressant without analgesic activity
SE: transient skeletal muscle movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opioid
analgesic supplement to general anesthesia. very strong (~50 times stronger than heroin). measured in micrograms. |
|
|
Term
metronidazole
(Flagyl,
Flagyl ER,
MetroCream,
MetroGel,
MetroGel-Vaginal,
MetroLotion,
Metro IV,
Nidagel,
Noritate,
Nuvessa,
Vandazole) |
|
Definition
| anti-infective. antiprotozoal. IV infuse over 1 hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to tx intestinal cramping/dyspepsia/IBS. anticholinergic antispasmodic drug. phenobarbital, atropine and scopolamine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orange dye (fluorescein) and a blue light to detect foreign bodies in the eye. This test can also detect damage to the cornea. The cornea is the outer surface of the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water-soluble B vitamin needed for the production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. Necessary to reduce the risk in pregnancy of having a child affected with neural tube defects, like spina bifida. The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women of childbearing age who may become or are pregnant should consume 0.8 mg (800 mcg) of folic acid daily. It is present in green leafy vegetables, beans, and yeast. It is used to treat megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias. Long-term supplementation is associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anticonvulsant. Diminishes seizure activity.
IM or IV (a lower potential for local tissue and cardiac toxicity than using phenytoin IM or IV). Fosphenytoin is rapidly converted to phenytoin, which is responsible for its pharmacologic effects. Short-term (<5 day) parenteral MGMT of generalized, tonic-clonic status epilepticus when use of phenytoin is not feasible. Tx and prevention of seizures during neurosurgery when use of phenytoin is not feasible.
Doses of fosphenytoin are expressed as phenytoin sodium equivalents (PE).
Status Epilepticus: IV: (Adults & Children) 15–20 mg PE/kg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ABX. topically administered or by IM or IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pancreatic hormone. SC, IM, IV.
Stimulates hepatic production of glucose from glycogen stores (glycogenolysis) (increases blood glucose to tx severe hypoglycemia when administration of glucose is not feasible).
Relaxes the GI musculature, temporarily inhibiting movement, (facilitating radiographic examination of the GI tract).
Has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects (Unlabeled Uses: Antidote to Beta blockers & Calcium channel blockers).
Hypoglycemia: IV: IM: SC: (Adults and Children >25 kg): 1 mg (IV push over 1 min); may be repeated in 15 min if necessary. |
|
|
Term
haloperidol
(Haldol, Haldol Decanoate) |
|
Definition
antipsychotic. PO or IM. (IV is off-label use. use only haloperidol lactate for IV. Do not use haloperidol decanoate for IV).
Alters the effects of dopamine in the CNS.
Also has anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic blocking activity.
IM: (Adults) 2–5 mg q 1–8 hr (not to exceed 100 mg/day). |
|
|
Term
heparin
(Hepalean,
Hep-Lock,
Hep-Lock U/P) |
|
Definition
antithrombotic. anticoagulant.
Prevention of thrombus formation. Prevention of extension of existing thrombi (full dose).
SC & IV
Protamine sulfate is the antidote. Due to short half-life (1-2 hr), overdose can often be treated by withdrawing the drug.
IV loading dose given before continuous infusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made from parts of the hepatitis B virus. It cannot cause hepatitis B infection. The vaccine is usually given as 2, 3, or 4 shots over 1 to 6 months. Infants should get their 1st dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and will usually complete the series at 6 months of age. |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis B IG (immune globulin) |
|
Definition
Prevention of hepatitis B infection.
A sterilized solution of antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen obtained from plasma of human donors who have high titers of antibodies. It prevents hepatitis B infection for those who have not been vaccinated and are known to have been exposed to HBV, including neonates born to HBsAg-positive women, by providing passive immunity. |
|
|
Term
hydrocodone
(Hysingla ER, Zohydro ER)
hydrocodone/acetaminophen
(Anexsia, Norco, Vicodin)
hydrocodone/ibuprofen
(Reprexain) |
|
Definition
PO opioid / antitussive
PO: 2.5 – 10 mg q 3–6 hr |
|
|
Term
hydrocortisone
(A-Hydrocort,
Colocort,
Cortef,
Cortenema,
Solu-CORTEF) |
|
Definition
Hydrocortisone is the hormone cortisol supplied as a medication. Topical, PO, IM, or IV
Uses: Immunosuppressive drug, given by injection in the tx of:
severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis and angioedema,
in place of prednisolone in pts needing steroid tx but unable to take oral meds,
perioperatively in pts on long-term steroid tx to prevent Addisonian crisis.
It can also be injected into inflamed joints from diseases like gout.
It may be used topically for allergic rashes, eczema, psoriasis, itching, and other inflammatory skin conditions. Topical hydrocortisone creams and ointments are available in most countries without prescription in strengths ranging from 0.05% to 2.5% (depending on local regulations) with stronger forms available by prescription only. Covering the skin after application increases the absorption and effect. Such enhancement is sometimes prescribed, but otherwise should be avoided to prevent overdose and systemic impact.
Compared to hydrocortisone, prednisolone is about 4 times as strong and dexamethasone about 40 times as strong in their anti-inflammatory effect. Prednisolone is about 8 times more potent than cortisol. |
|
|
Term
tetanus immune globulin
(HyperTET) |
|
Definition
| IM: A solution containing antibodies to Clostridium tetani. It is obtained from human blood and is used to provide passive immunity to prevent and treat tetanus infection. |
|
|
Term
imipenem/cilastatin
(Primaxin) |
|
Definition
| broad spectrum ABX. The cilastatin makes imipenem stay active in your body for a longer period of time. If > 749 mg infuse over 40-60 min. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulin
very rapid (Taber's or Davis')
Onset: 12-30 min or within 15 min
Peak: 1-3 hr or 1-2 hr
Duration: 3-5 hr or 3-4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulin
very rapid (Taber's or Davis')
Onset: 12-30 min or within 15 min
Peak: 0.5 - 2.5 hr or 1-2 hr
Duration: 3-5 hr or 3-4 hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulin
very rapid (Taber's or Davis')
Onset: 12-30 min or within 15
Peak: 1.6 - 2.8 hr or 1-2 hr
Duration: 3-4 hr or 3-4 hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid
IV:
Onset: 10–30 min
Peak: 15–30 min
Duration: 30–60 min
SC:
Onset: 30–60 min
Peak: 2–4 hr
Duration: 5–7 hr |
|
|
Term
NPH
(Humulin N, Novolin N) |
|
Definition
insulin
intermediate-acting (Taber's or Davis')
Onset: 2-4 hr
Peak: 4-12 hr or 4-10
Duration: 10-18 or 10-16 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulin
very long-acting (Taber's or Davis')
Onset: 2-4 hr or 3-4 hr
Peak: none
Duration: 11-32 hr or 24 hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulin
very long-acting (Taber's or Davis')
Onset: 3-4 hr
Peak: 3-9 hr or 3-14 hr
Duration: 6-23 hr or 6-24
Duration is dose dependent.
Duration increases as dose increases. |
|
|
Term
| U 500 regular very concentrated (5 X U100) insulin |
|
Definition
insulin
Onset: 30-60 min
Peak: 2.5 - 5 hr
Duration: up to 24 hr |
|
|
Term
indomethacin
(Indocin, Tivorbex) |
|
Definition
NSAID
antirheumatic (to manage symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis [pain & swelling])
to help close patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) adjunct (IV only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibiotic. infuse over 30 min |
|
|
Term
prothrombin complex concentrate
(Kcentra,
Octaplex) |
|
Definition
cessation of bleeding due to warfarin
Urgent reversal of warfarin due to acute major bleeding or the need for urgent surgery or invasive procedure. Vitamin K should be given concurrently to maintain vitamin K-dependent clotting factor levels.
Replaces clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X and antithrombotic proteins C and S) which have become deficient as a result of warfarin.
Dose based on INR and pt wt. Take INR prior to therapy close to time of dosing. Monitor INR and clinical response during and after infusion.
Y-site incompatible. Do not mix with other solutions or medicines. Administer through separate line only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
general anesthetic, sedation, analgesia with minimal respiratory depression and minimal skeletal muscle relaxation
Administer on an empty stomach to prevent vomiting and aspiration.
May be administered concurrently with a drying agent (atropine, scopolamine); ketamine increases salivary and tracheobronchial mucous gland secretions. Atropine may also increase the incidence of unpleasant dreams. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta-blocker. Decreases BP. Administer with meals or directly after eating to enhance absorption. |
|
|
Term
lactulose
(Cholac, Constilac, Constulose, Enulose, Generlac, Kristalose) |
|
Definition
osmotic laxative (increases water content and softens the stool)
Lowers the pH of the colon, which inhibits the diffusion of ammonia from the colon into the blood, thereby ↓ blood ammonia concentrations by 25–50%, improving the mental status of pts with portal-systemic (hepatic) encephalopathy (PSE). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loop diuretic
Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule.
Commonly ↓ serum potassium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lidocaine, epinephrine, and tetracaine in a topical gel commonly applied to open wounds prior to suturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibiotic. Infuse over 60 min for 250-500 mg and over 90 min for 750 mg to prevent hypotension. |
|
|
Term
levetiracetam
(Keppra,
Keppra XR,
Roweepra,
Spritam) |
|
Definition
anticonvulsant for seizures
Dilute dose in 100 mL of 0.9% NaCl, D5W, or LR. Infuse over 15 min.
If a smaller volume is required (eg pediatric), concentration should not exceed 15 mg/mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vasopressor. Increases BP & CO.
Produces vasoconstriction & myocardial stimulation, which may be required after adequate fluid replacement in the tx of severe hypotension & shock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV: Control of ventricular arrhythmias. Ventricular Tachycardia (with a Pulse) or Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia/Ventricular Fibrillation
IM: Self-injected or when IV unavailable (during transport to hospital facilities).
Local: topical/local anesthetic |
|
|
Term
metoprolol
(Lopresor,
Betaloc,
Lopresor SR,
Lopressor
Toprol XL) |
|
Definition
beta blocker
decreases BP & HR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antithrombotic/anticoagulants. low molecular weight heparin.
prevention of thrombus formation |
|
|
Term
magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide
(Maalox, Alamag, Diovol Plus, Mylanta Ultimate, Rulox) |
|
Definition
antacid / antiulcer
neutralizes gastric acid when dissolved in gastric contents
Useful in a variety of GI complaints, including:
Hyperacidity,
Indigestion,
GERD,
Heartburn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV (or IM) to tx hypomagnesemia, status asthmaticus, torsade de pointes, prevention of seizures from eclampsia, pre-eclampsia, or acute nephritis
Plays an important role in neurotransmission and muscular excitability
Infuse over 2–4 hr. Do not exceed a rate of 1 mEq/kg/hr (125 mg/kg/hr). When rapid infusions are needed (severe asthma or torsade de pointes) may infuse over 10–20 min. |
|
|
Term
mannitol
(Osmitrol, Resectisol) |
|
Definition
osmotic diuretic
Increases the osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate, inhibiting reabsorption of water & electrolytes.
Causes excretion of water, electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg), urea, and uric acid.
Mobilization of excess fluid in oliguric renal failure or edema.
Reduction of intraocular or intracranial pressure.
Increased urinary excretion of toxic materials.
During transurethral procedures (2.5–5% solution only) to decrease hemolysis when used as a GU irrigant after transurethral prostatic resection. |
|
|
Term
methadone
(Dolophine, Metadol, Metadol-D, Methadose) |
|
Definition
opioid
long duration of action. used to tx pain & suppress withdrawal from opioids |
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Term
methylergonovine
(Methergine) |
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Definition
It can tx severe bleeding from the uterus after childbirth.
Prevention and tx of postpartum or postabortion hemorrhage caused by uterine atony or subinvolution.
Directly stimulates uterine and vascular smooth muscle. |
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Term
methotrexate
(Metoject, Otrexup, Rasuvo, Rheumatrex, Trexall, Xatmep) |
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Definition
used to tx rheumatoid arthritis (DMARD), Crohn's disease, psoriasis, & some cancers.
It also has been used with misoprostol to induce abortion.
Side effects: suppression of bone marrow production of blood cells and hepatitis.
Therapeutic Effects: Death of rapidly replicating cells, particularly malignant ones, and immunosuppression. |
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Term
methylprednisolone
(SOLU-Medrol,
DEPO-Medrol,
Medrol) |
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Definition
| corticosteroid / steroidal anti-inflammatory / immunosuppressant |
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Term
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Definition
| adrenergic / bronchodilator / relatively selective for beta2(pulmonary)-adrenergic receptor sites, with less effect on beta1(cardiac)-adrenergic receptors |
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Term
| milk of magnesia (M.O.M.) |
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Definition
| magnesium hydroxide in suspension, used as an antacid and a laxative |
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Term
morphine
(Arymo ER,
Astramorph,
AVINza,
Doloral,
Duramorph,
Embeda,
Infumorph,
Kadian,
M-Eslon,
Morphabond ER,
Morphine EPD,
Morphine Extra Forte,
Morphine Forte,
Morphine HP,
Morphine LP Epidural,
M.O.S,
M.O.S.-S.R,
MS Contin,
MS Contin SRT,
Roxanol,
Statex) |
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Definition
| opiate (the principal alkaloid in opium). For MI, nitrates bring relief to many pts, but up to 1/3 of those who experience MI have nitrate-resistant chest pain & receive morphine instead. Treating pain in MI pts is critical, as pain activates the sympathetic nervous system and causes or aggravates diaphoresis, weakness, light-headedness, and palpitations, which in turn increases cardiac work load. Morphine has innate hemodynamic effects that are beneficial during MI. It decreases HR, BP, and venous return, and it may also stimulate local histamine-mediated processes. Theoretically, this reduces myocardial oxygen demand. Demerol (meperidine) causes similar hemodynamic effects, but possible CNS excitability or seizures have limited its use. |
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Term
ibuprofen
(Motrin, Advil, Children's Europrofen) |
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Definition
| NSAID. Decreases pain, inflammation, & fever. Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
opioid antagonist / antidote for opioids
Competitively blocks the effects of opioids, including CNS & respiratory depression, without producing any agonist (opioid-like) effects.
Intranasal: (Adults & Children) 1 spray (2 mg or 4 mg) in one nostril; may repeat dose q 2–3 min (with each subsequent dose being administered in alternate nostril).
Evzio is a pre-filled, single-use auto-injector approved by the FDA for suspected opioid OD. It is to be injected into the pt's thigh. |
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Term
| phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine, Vazculep) |
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Definition
| An adrenergic/vasopressor used to manage hypotension associated w/ shock (or anesthesia) that may persist after adequate fluid replacement. It constricts blood vessels by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors causing increased BP. Also used in a suitably weak concentration to produce nasal decongestion; may also be used in ophthalmic solutions. |
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Term
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Definition
PPI (proton pump inhibitor) / antiulcer agent
A proton-pump inhibitor to treat gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer disease. Its trade name is Nexium.
IV push over at least 3 min |
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Term
nitroglycerin
(Nitro-Time,
Nitrogard SR,
Nitro-Bid IV,
Nitroject,
Tridil,
nitroglycerin sublingual powder,
GoNitro,
Nitrostat,
Nitro-Bid,
Nitrol,
Minitran,
Nitro-Dur,
Trinipatch,
Nitrolingual,
Nitromist,
Rho-Nitro) |
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Definition
an arterial and venous dilator, esp to tx angina pectoris, MI, HF, & acute pulmonary edema.
It is available as an IV med, a spray applied to the mucous membranes of the mouth, sublingual tabs, as transdermal patches, or as an ointment that can be applied to the chest.
Its most common SEs include lowering BP & HA.
Nitroprusside was found to be a more effective whole-body arterial vasodilator and nitroglycerin a better whole-body venous vasodilator when each drug was infused at rates of 1.5 and 2.0 microgram/kg/min. No difference in whole-body vasodilation between the two drugs was found at 1.0 microgram/kg/min. |
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Term
nitroprusside
(Nipride RTU, Nitropress) |
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Definition
IV vasodilator/antihypertensive
rapidly lowers BP & decreases cardiac preload and afterload
Nitroprusside was found to be a more effective whole-body arterial vasodilator and nitroglycerin a better whole-body venous vasodilator when each drug was infused at rates of 1.5 and 2.0 mcg/kg/min. No difference in whole-body vasodilation between the two drugs was found at 1.0 mcg/kg/min. |
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Term
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Definition
causes skeletal muscle paralysis
has no analgesic or anxiolytic properties
used as part of general anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation
Onset: 1-3 min
Peak: 3-5 min
Duration: 30-40 min |
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Term
| ofloxacin (Ocuflox, Floxin Otic) |
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Definition
antibiotic (ABX) eye drops, ear drops, and PO med (conjunctivitis [pink eye], ulcers of the cornea, otitis media, and other infections)
PO: Administer on an empty stomach 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals, with a full glass of water. Products or foods containing calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, or zinc should not be ingested for 4 hr before and 2 hr after administration.
Otic: Warm solution by holding bottle in hand for 1–2 min to avoid dizziness from instillation of cold solution. Patient should lie with the affected ear upward, before instilling drops. Maintain position for 5 minutes. Repeat for opposite ear, if necessary. For otitis media: Pump the tragus 4 times by pushing inward to facilitate penetration into middle ear after instillation. |
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Term
oxycodone
(Oxycontin, Roxicodone,
Oxaydo,
Oxy IR,
OxyNEO,
Roxybond,
Troxyca ER,
Xtampza ER,
Supeudol) |
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Definition
PO opioid
5–10 mg q 3–4 hr initially |
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Term
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Definition
causes skeletal muscle paralysis
has no analgesic or anxiolytic properties
used as part of general anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation
Onset: 30-45 sec
Peak: 3 - 4.5 min
Duration: 40-60 min |
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Term
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Definition
causes skeletal muscle paralysis
has no analgesic or anxiolytic properties
used as part of general anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation
Onset: 1 min (adults)
Peak: 1 - 3.7 min (adults)
Duration: 31 min (adults) |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of a group of antibiotics biosynthesized by several species of molds, esp. Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum. Penicillin is bactericidal, inhibiting the growth of some gram-positive bacteria and some spirochetes by interfering with cell wall synthesis. There are many different penicillins, including synthetic ones, and their effectiveness varies for different organisms. |
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Term
famotidine
(Pepcid, Ulcidine) |
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Definition
histamine h2 antagonist / antiulcer agent
An H2 receptor antagonist (histamine blocker) for treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis, duodenitis, esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux. |
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Term
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Definition
Blocks the effects of histamine (tx of various allergic conditions & motion sickness).
Has inhibitory effect on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla, resulting in antiemetic properties (tx & prevention of nausea & vomiting).
Produces CNS depression by indirectly decreased stimulation of the CNS reticular system (causes sedation).
Alters the effects of dopamine in the CNS.
Possesses significant anticholinergic activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| barbiturate. It is used as a sedative/hypnotic and anticonvulsant. |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic vitamin K1. fat-soluble vitamin. warfarin antidote along with Kcentra. IV rate should not exceed 1 mg/min |
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Term
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Definition
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland. It stimulates the uterus to contract. During labor it helps expel the fetus. After delivery of the placenta, it helps the uterus to contract. In breast-feeding it stimulates milk letdown.
The synthetic version is used to induce labor and control postpartum bleeding.
Action:
- Stimulates uterine smooth muscle, producing uterine contractions similar to those in spontaneous labor.
- Has vasopressor and antidiuretic effects.
Indications
- Induction of labor at term.
- Facilitation of threatened abortion.
- Postpartum control of hemorrhage after expulsion of the placenta. |
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Term
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Definition
levonorgestrel, emergency oral contraceptive. Prevention of pregnancy.
1.5 mg (as a single dose or as two 0.75 mg doses 12 hr apart) taken within 3 days of unprotected sex, with one study indicating that beginning as late as 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse could be effective.
The primary mechanism of action of levonorgestrel as a progestogen-only emergency contraceptive pill is, according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), to prevent fertilization by inhibition of ovulation and thickening of cervical mucus. FIGO has stated that, "review of the evidence suggests that levonorgestreol cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg. Language on implantation should not be included in product labeling." In November 2013, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved a change to the label saying it cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg. Other studies still find the evidence to be unclear.
In November 2013, the EMA also approved a change to the label for saying, "In clinical trials, contraceptive efficacy was reduced in women weighing 75 kg [165 pounds] or more, and levonorgestrel was not effective in women who weighed more than 80 kg [176 pounds]." Other studies still find the evidence to be unclear. |
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Term
potassium chloride
(K+10, Kaon Cl-10, KCl, Klor-Con, Klotrix, K-Tab, Micro-K, Ten-K) |
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Definition
to tx low K
It is also administered to treat urinary tract infections and to prevent kidney stones. Its therapeutic classes are antiurolithics and mineral and electrolyte replacements/supplements. |
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Term
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Definition
| PO antiplatelet med to decrease incidence of thrombotic events |
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Term
prednisone
(Prelone, Rayos, Sterapred, Winipred) |
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Definition
| steroidal anti-inflammatory and immune modifier |
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Term
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Definition
| general anesthetic with a short duration of action and a rapid recovery time. Common side effects of its use include pain during injection and bradycardia. |
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Term
| What is the difference between rabies vaccine and HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin)? |
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Definition
| A course of rabies vaccines (given IM deltoid) works to develop long term immunity, but this may take seven days to begin providing protection. For this reason, HRIG is usually given into the wound or site of injury to provide immediate short term protection while the rabies vaccines start to work. Long term protection is essential as rabies infection can take a long time to develop. Not everyone potentially exposed to rabies will be advised to have HRIG. For example, HRIG is generally not required for people who have been previously vaccinated against rabies. When recommended, it is important to have the HRIG as well as the vaccine to ensure complete protection against rabies. |
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Term
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Definition
AC = before food (ante cibum, "ante chee-boom)
HS = before bed (hora somni = hour slumber) |
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Term
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Definition
antiemetics
for N/V, to decrease symptoms of gastric stasis, unlabeled use for HAs
PO, IM, IV
IV onset is 1-3 mins. Duration is 1-2 hrs.
IV: Rapid administration causes a transient but intense feeling of anxiety and restlessness followed by drowsiness. Infuse slowly (max rate 5 mg/min) over at least 15–30 min. |
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Term
Rho(D) IMMUNE GLOBULIN
(RhoGAM) |
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Definition
vaccine / immunizing agent / immune globulin
Indications:
IM or IV:
Administered to Rho (D)-negative patients who have been exposed to Rho (D)-positive blood by:
Pregnancy or delivery of Rho (D)-positive infant (to prevent antibody response and hemolytic disease of the newborn [erythroblastosis fetalis]);
Abortion of Rho (D)-positive fetus;
Fetal-maternal hemorrhage due to amniocentesis, other obstetrical manipulative procedure, or intra-abdominal trauma while carrying Rho (D)-positive fetus;
Transfusion of Rho (D)-positive blood or blood products to Rho (D)-negative patient.
IV: Management of ITP (immune thrombocytopenic purpura). When given for ITP, platelet counts start to rise in 1–2 days, peak after 5–7 days, and lasts for 30 days. ITP patients with pre-existing anemia (decrease dose if Hgb <10 g/dL). May also cause disseminated intravascular coagulation in ITP patients. |
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