Term
Toxic Actions of Chemicals
Nonselective Actions |
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Definition
| alkaline/acid compounds- irritation |
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Term
Toxic actions of chemicals
Selectice Agents |
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Definition
most common
Organophosphates- ACH inhibitors
Warfarin-gamma carboxylation of Factors II,VII,IX, & X |
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Term
Toxic actions of chemicals
Immediate and Delayed Reactions |
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Definition
Organophosphates- immediate
Asbestos-delayed-cancer 15-30 yrs later |
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Term
| MOA of halogenated hydocarbons |
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Definition
| CYP 450 activated to free radical (oxidizer) |
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Term
| Halogenated hydrocarbons are soluble, |
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Definition
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Term
| If injested/inhaled causes N/V, headache, stupor, convulsins, coma, death (acute high dose) |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhalation of this causes irritation of eyes, lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 side effects of halogenated hydrocarbons when given in low dose over time |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two halogenated hydrocarbons he mentioned |
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Definition
carbon tetrachloride
chloroform |
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Term
Industrial solvent
banned, but still in water supply |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensitives heart to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drugs does the liver like because its function is to take lipid soluble drugs and convert them to water soluble drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Low dow over long period of time can result in heptaoxic and nephrotoxic effects |
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Definition
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Term
| Chloroform was used as... |
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Definition
an anesthetic
our body uses catecholamines (NE and EPI) to increase HR and chloroform predisposes us to arrhythmias |
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Term
| Lipid-soluble, volatile liquids- inhalation/ingestion |
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Definition
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Term
| CNS depression (drowsiness, ataxis, tremors, and impaired speech, hearing, and vision) |
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Definition
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Term
Sensitization of heart to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias
hepatotoxic nephrotoxic |
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Definition
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Term
| two aromatic hydrocarbons we talked about |
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Definition
benzene
toluene (automobile emission) |
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Term
1/2 nation exposure through tobacco smoke
rest through automboile exhaust and contaminated water |
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Definition
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Term
| Hematopoietic toxicities- agranulocytosis leukemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drugs cause CNS sedation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolized to toxic formic acid & glycolate respectively |
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Definition
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Term
| Coma, seizures, hypernea, hypotension, blindness |
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Definition
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Term
Fomepizole prevents toxic metabolism
antidote for... |
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Definition
| methanoly/ethylene glycol |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 drugs that he talked about under alcohols |
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Definition
methanol/ethylene glycol
isopropanol |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibition of ACHase--increases ACH |
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Definition
| organophosphate and carbamate insectisides |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two pesticides he talked about that are usually sprayed |
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Definition
organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
pyrethroids |
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Term
| Insect toxicity is better than human toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
Increase Nai
CNS - Lose of coordination, tremors, convulsions, burning, respiratory arrest (death, really high dose) |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyrethroids are associated with... |
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Definition
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Term
| Blocks electron transfer by inhibiting NAD oxidation |
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Definition
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Term
| N/V convulsions, death at VERY high concentrations |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the other pesticides he talked about (not sprayed) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the rodenticide he talked about |
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Definition
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Term
usually ingestion-accidental or suicidal
(this is high doses) |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibits gamma carboxylation of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, & X |
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Definition
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Term
| MOA - bind to and inhibit functional macromolecules |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
old paint, drinking water
children absorb 40%, adults 10%
bone half-life= 20-30 years |
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Term
| CNS effects= encephalopathy, headache, convulsion, confusion, clumsiness, insomnia, fatigue, coma |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood levels (5-20 micrograms/dL) lower IQ w/o symptoms |
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Definition
lead
9% of children have levels greater than 10 |
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Term
| What is the major indication of lead toxicity |
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Definition
GI symptoms
usually occur early on |
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Term
| GI side effects- constipation/diarrhea, painful intestinal spasms |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium gluconate infusion to relieve pain for... |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibits heme synthesis resulting in hypochromic, microcytic anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| When looking for lead poisoning look for elevated blood levels of.. |
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Definition
protoporphyrin IX
aminolevulnic acid |
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Term
| When looking for lead look for increase urinary excretion of |
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Definition
| delta aminolevulinc acid and coproporphyrinogen |
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Term
| Decreased IQ seen w/o elevated heme intermediates |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the heavy metals we talked about |
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Definition
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Term
| Is mercury environmental contaminant or occupational? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of mercury we talked baout |
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Definition
elemental
inorganic
organic |
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Term
occupational-vapors
tremors, depression, memory loss, decreased verbal skills, inflammation of kidneys, pulmonary toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
| erosion of mucous mmbranes in mouth, renal damage |
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Definition
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Term
methyl mercury-more lipid soluble
contaminated fish
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Definition
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Term
| visual disturbances, paresthesia, ataxia, hearing loss, mental deterioration, tremors, paralysis, death |
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Definition
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Term
| factory production of acetaldehyde led to production of a small amount of an organic mercury named methyl mercury (which disease) |
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Definition
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Term
| Difficulty walking, difficulty speaking, convulsions |
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Definition
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Term
A poisoning disease that affects mainly the CNS and is caused by consumptions of large quantities of fisha nd shellfish living in Minamata Bay and surroundings
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Definition
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Term
| Major causative agent for Chisso-Minamata disease is some sort of... |
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Definition
| organic mercury compound (methyl mercury) |
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Term
Ingestion- Bioavailability - 5%
Contaminated food |
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Definition
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Term
inhalation- 10-40% absorption
cigarrette smoke
burning fossil fuels |
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Definition
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Term
Major toxicities - lung, kidney
COPD is a big one
half-life 10-30 yrs |
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Definition
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Term
| Colorless, odorless, tasteless |
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Definition
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Term
| CO's affinity is ____ that of O2 |
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Definition
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Term
Symptoms- Hypoxia
Brain heart, most sensitive
headache, dyspnea, lethargy, confusion, drowsiness, seizures, coma, death |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inactivation of cytochrome oxidase (alpha3) |
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Definition
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Term
| By inhibiting cytochrome oxidase it inhibits cellular respiration and oxygen is ineffective |
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Definition
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Term
| Oldest known occupational disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Lung effects of silica (inhaled particle) |
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Definition
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Term
| Asbestosis is associated with what type of cancer |
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Definition
mesothelioma (rare)
lung cancer |
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Term
inhaled particles stay permanently in lungs
SOB, pain, severe cough
less than 2 year survival after diagnosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Pharmacological antagonists |
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Definition
| ACHase inhibitors- Atropine |
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Term
| Which drugs are used to treat cyanide poisoning |
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Definition
amyl nitrite/sodium nitrite-methemoglobinemia
(early on)
sodium thiosulfate-thiocyanate- gets rid of cyanide |
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Term
| How does methemoglobinemia work? |
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Definition
| causes a reduction in hemoglobin so therefore the ability to bind o2 or cyanide goes down (preventing transfer of cyanide into pathway) |
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Term
| Detoxification/alternate target |
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Definition
| acetaminophen--N-acetylcysteine |
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Term
| Reduced metabolism antidote |
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Definition
| methanol/ethylene glycol- Fomepizole |
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Term
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Definition
| organophosphates- Pralidoxime (2 PAM) |
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Term
Dimercaprol-British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) facts
(antidote) |
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Definition
IM
used for arsenic, mercury>>lead
increases BP and HR |
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Term
Succimer - BAL derivate facts
(antidote) |
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Definition
oral
DOC for lead poisoning
no effect on blood pressure and heart rate |
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Term
Edetate Calcium Disodium (EDTA)
(antidote) |
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Definition
used for lead intoxication
not effective orally - IV, IM |
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Term
| What are the chelator antidotes he talked about |
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Definition
dimercaprol-british Anti-lewisite (BAL)
succimer
edetate calcium disodium (EDTA) |
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Term
| Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) MOA |
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Definition
increase serotonin release, decrease reuptake
increase serotonin in synpaptic cleft- hallucinations, psychosis
decrease synthesis=depletion of serotonin stores |
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Term
| Cardiopulmonary effects- tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, vasospasm, dysrhythmias, valve, disease, MI |
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Definition
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Term
| neurologic effects- mydriasis, nystagmus, hyperthermia, sexual dysfunction, seizures, cerebral infarction, neuronal death |
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Definition
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Term
| psychological effects- sense of well being, euphoria, hallucinations, anxiety |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic use causes psychosis, OCD |
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Definition
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Term
| musculoskeletal effects - bruxism, trismus, cramping, rhabdomyolysis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hyperglycemia, hyponatremia |
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Term
| Not really good tx for MDMA but what were the ones mentioned |
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Definition
fluid restriction-hyponatremia (reverse)
aggressive cooling- hyperthermia
nitroprusside, phentolamine- hypertension
diazepam- anxiety hallucinations, convulsions |
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Term
| MOA - GABAB, Dopamine, Opiod pathways |
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Definition
| Gama Hydroxybutric Acid (GHB) |
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Term
Euphoria, amnesia
"Date-rape" drug |
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Definition
| Gama hydroxybutric acid (GHB) |
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Term
| Oral- intial 15 min, lasts 40-120 minutes |
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Definition
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Term
| cardiopulmonary- bradypnea, hypoxia, bradycardia, hypotension, dysrhythmias |
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Definition
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Term
| CNS- halluinations, sleep, amnesia, loss of inhibition |
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Definition
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Term
| Salivation, vomiting, hypothermia |
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Definition
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