Term
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Definition
prostaglandins
histamine
serotonin |
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Term
| Important neurotransmitter in the brain but it in the body it is a chemical that is released and causes closed action activity |
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Definition
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Term
| A form of signaling in which a cell secretes a chemical messenger that signals the same cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a form of signaling in which the targt cell is close to the signal releasing cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Rapidly destroyed or removed |
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Definition
| histamine and prostaglandins |
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Term
| hormones secreted into the bloodstream |
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Definition
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Term
| All of paracrine and autocrine are considered.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more broad..autocrine or paracrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesized locally and have drugs that block them called antihistamines |
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Definition
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Term
| Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins |
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Definition
abortion
peptic ulcers
erectile dysfunction
glaucoma |
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Term
| which prostaglandin is used for abortion |
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Definition
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Term
| Which prostaglandin is used for peptic ulcers? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does misoprostol help peptic ulcer? |
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Definition
inhibits secretion of HCl associated with NSAIDS problem with adverse effects
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Term
| Which prostaglandin is used for erectile dysfunction |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are histamines located? |
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Definition
in nearly all tissues
high in-lungs, skin, GI tract
Mast cells
basophils
In venoms from insect stings |
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Term
| Rapidly destroyed by amine oxidase enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| One of several chemical mediators released from tissues by destruction of cells as a result of cold, bacterial toxins, bee sting venoms, trauma, anaphylaxis, and allergies |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanism of action of histamine |
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Definition
G protein mediated systems
binds two types of receptors, H1 and H2 |
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Term
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Definition
capillary permeability- nasal secretions
smooth muscle contraction- bronchiole constriction
intestinal cramps, diarrhea
itch and pain |
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Term
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Definition
decrease TPR
increase HR
increase inotropy
acid secretion |
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Term
|
Definition
dilate capillaries (H1)
flare, reddening (H1/H2)
edema (wheal) (H1) |
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Term
| Histamine's role in anaphylaxis and allergy |
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Definition
contraction of smooth muscle
stimulation of secretions
dilation and increased permeability of capillaries
stimulation of sensory nerve endings |
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Term
| Mediators of anaphylaxis and allergies |
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Definition
histamine
serotonins
leukotrienes
ECFA (eosinophil chemotaxic factor of anaphylaxis) |
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Term
| Release of mediators from storage sites may cause... |
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Definition
| local reaction or system reaction |
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Term
| Slow release of mediators allows... |
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Definition
| rapid inactivation and local reaction |
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Term
| Fast release of mediators leads to the entry of mediators into the bloodstream with... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which generation (1st and 2nd) has better efficacy? |
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Definition
| neither they have equivalent efficacies |
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Term
| Which generation has additional effects unrelated to blocking H1 receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the additional effects of the 1st generation H1 receptor blockers? |
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Definition
antimuscarinic
alpha blockers
serotonin receptor blockers
No H2 blockade
diphenhydramine good local anesthetic |
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Term
| second generation H1 antihistamines |
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Definition
fexofenadine (Allegra)
Loratidine (Claritin)
Desloratidine (Clarinex)
Cetrizine (Zyrtec) |
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Term
| 1st generation H1 antihistamines |
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Definition
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Chlorpheniramine (Chlortrimeton)
Meclizine (Antivert)
Cyproheptadine (Perivert)
Promethazine (Phenergan)
Hydroxyzine (Atarax) |
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Term
| Which H1 antihistamines were removed from U.S. market? |
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Definition
terfenadine (Seldane)
Astemizol (hismanal)
Both 1st generation |
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Term
| Why were the two H1 antihistamines removed from the market? |
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Definition
because they were prolonging the QT interval
polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
torsades de pue
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Term
| Useful in treating allergies caused by antigens acting on IgE-antibody sensitized mast cells |
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Definition
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Term
| useful in treating allergic rhinitis and urticaria |
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Definition
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Term
| Not used in asthma bcause it only has one of several mediators of asthma |
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Definition
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Term
| not used in anaphylaxis because epinephrine is used instead |
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Definition
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Term
| 1st generation drugs used in motion sickness and nausea |
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Definition
diphenhydramine (benadryl)
dimenhydrinate
cyclizine
meclizine
hydroxyzine |
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Term
| Prevent or diminish vomiting and nausea mediated by chemoreceptor and vestibular pathways |
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Definition
| 1st generation antihistamines for motion sickness and nausea |
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Term
| Which H1 blocker is a somnifacient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which H1 drug has strong sedative properties and may be used in the treatment of insomnia |
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Definition
| diphenhydramine (benadryl) |
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|
Term
Absorbed orally
average 1/2 life of 4-6 hours
distributed in all tissues including CNS
metabolized in liver (CYP 450)
excreted in urine |
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Definition
cetrizine (Zyrtec)
fexofendaine (allegra) |
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Term
| Sedation adverse effects of antihistamines |
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Definition
| tinnitus, fatigue, dizziness, lassitude, incoordination, blurred vision, tremors |
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Term
| Sedation is less with 1st generation or 2nd generation? why? |
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Definition
2nd generation
penetrates poorly in the CNS |
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Term
| more adverse effects of antihistamines (H1) |
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Definition
dry mouth
weak anticholinergic effects may lead to dry mouth and nasal mucosa |
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Term
May potentiate other CNS depressants
should not be used wit MAO inhibitors |
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Definition
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Term
| Why should antihistamines (H1) not be used with MAO inhibitors |
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Definition
| it doubles the effects because it blocks muscarinic receptors twice potentially |
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Term
| Overdoses of anthistamines (H1) effects |
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Definition
high margin of safety
main concern w/ children
CNS- hallucinations, excitement, ataxia, convulsions
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Term
| untreated overdose of antihistamines (H1) may lead to.. |
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Definition
| deepening coma and cardiorespiratory collapse |
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Term
| Do H2 receptor blockers have affinity for H1? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do H2 receptor blockers inhibit/stimulate acid secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| H2 receptor blockers examples |
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Definition
cimetidine
rantidine
famotidine
nizatidine |
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Term
| Which drug interfers with hepatic metabolism and has anti androgenic effects (competes with mal sex steroids) |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguising features of migraine |
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Definition
usually unilateral
pulsatile
throbbing pain |
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Term
|
Definition
migraine with aura
migraine without aura |
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Term
| Which migraine is referred to as a common migraine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which type of migraine is referred to as a classic migraine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what percentage of migraines are without aura? |
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Definition
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Term
| MOA- Vasoconstriction of meninges or inhibition of neuropeptide release (Substance P) |
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Definition
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Term
| Sumatriptan is effective in what percentage of patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sumatriptan is an agonist for which receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drug acts on found on peripheral nerves that innervate the intracranial vasculature |
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Definition
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Term
| How can sumatriptan be administered |
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Definition
| subcutaneous, intra-nasal, orally |
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Term
| This drug has a short half life and a headache may recur in 24-48 hours |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drugs are the serotonin receptor agonists |
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Definition
triptans
Naratriptan
Rizatriptan
Eletriptan
Forvatrpin
Almotriptan
Zolmitriptan |
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Term
| Hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat- angioedema |
|
Definition
allergic reactions (sulfonamide)
sumatriptan |
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Term
| Confusion, hallucinations, fast heart beat, feeling faint, fever, sweating, muscle spasm, difficulty walking, and/or diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drugs have serious side effects on the heart, including heart attack or stroke |
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Definition
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Term
| stomach pain and bloody diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
Derivative of ergotamine
IV
nausea is a common side effect |
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Definition
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Term
| Similar actions as sumatriptan but less 5- HT receptor selectivity |
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Definition
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|
Term
Sides effects are diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting
avoid in pregnancy and CAD |
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Definition
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Term
| Relieve attack of acute migraine |
|
Definition
NSAIDS - prostaglandin inhibitors
aspirin, naproxen, ibruprofen |
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Term
| Prochlorperazine (Compro) used for migraines |
|
Definition
antimetic
dopamine 2 antagonist |
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Term
| Rescue agents used for migraines |
|
Definition
opiods
codeine, meriperidine
last option if NOTHING else works |
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Term
Indicated if attacks occur two or greater tmes per month or if severe or complicated by neurologic signs
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|
Definition
| prophylactic treatment of migraine |
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Term
| Which two drugs were mentioned when talking about prophylactic treatment of migraine |
|
Definition
Beta blockers (esp propranolol)
depakote ER (valproate/valproic acid) |
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|
Term
Extended release product
no evidence that it is useful in the acute tx of migraines
should not be used in women who are pregnant |
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Definition
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