Term
| Describe the action of a positive inotropic medication |
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Definition
| Strengthen or increase the force of myocardial contraction |
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Term
| Define the action of digoxin |
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Definition
| Increases myocardial contractility; decreases heart rate |
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Term
| What is the therapeutic range for digoxin |
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Definition
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Term
| What are signs of digitalis toxicity |
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Definition
| Anorexia, nausea, bradycardia, dysrhythmias |
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Term
| What is the antidote for digitalis toxicity |
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Definition
Digibind
Monitor closely for heart failure, decreased cardiac output, hypokalemia |
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Term
| What assessments will you make prior to administering digoxin? |
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Definition
1) Obtain medication list
2) monitor VS and lab values |
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Term
| What will you teach your pt about their digoxin prescription? |
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Definition
1) teach to perform own pulse check
2) teach pt signs of toxicity |
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Term
| Define the purpose of nitroglycerin |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the routes nitroglycerin can be given? |
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Definition
1) Continuous IV drip
2) Sublingual spray
3) Orally
4) Topical ointment |
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Term
| What would you teach the pt regarding nitroglycerin? |
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Definition
1) store sublingual in original air-tight dark glass bottle
2) rotate topical patches
3) side effects - dizziness, decreased BP, headache |
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Term
| Define the goal of any anti-dysrhythmic medication |
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Definition
| Restore normal heart rate/rhythm |
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Term
| Describe why diuretics are used |
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Definition
| To treat heart-related conditions (high BP, heart failure, edema); decrease excess fluid volume |
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Term
| Define the difference between thiazides, loop diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics |
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Definition
Thiazides - increase sodium and water excretion by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the kidney
Loop diuretics - Loop diuretics inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption from the loop of Henle and the distal tubule
Potassium-sparing diuretics - act on the distal tubule to promote sodium and water excretion and potassium retention |
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Term
| Key labs to monitor for diuretic therapies |
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Definition
Potassium
Sodium
BUN and creatinine |
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Term
| Define important pt teaching points for thiazides, loop diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics |
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Definition
1) Monitor I/O
2) Monitor weight
3) Change position slowly to prevent ortho hypotension |
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Term
| Define assessment parameters for pts receiving diuretic therapy |
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Definition
Monitor BP
Assess for edema
Monitor labs (BUN, creatinine, protein, blood glucose) |
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Term
| Describe the action of an ACE inhibitor and an ARB |
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Definition
| Lower BP by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II |
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Term
| Common side-effects of an ACE inhibitor and ARB |
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Definition
| Cough, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, insomnia |
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Term
| Cultural effects of ACE inhibitors and ARB |
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Definition
| African-American pts may not respond well to ACE inhibitors unless drug is taken with a diuretic |
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Term
| Patient teaching for ACE inhibitors and ARB |
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Definition
1) don't abruptly stop taking - may cause rebound HTN
2) Consult Dr before taking OTC drugs
3) Don't take if pregnant
4) may cause ortho hypotension - rise slowly
Don't take with other cough medications; may cause hypoglycemia |
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Term
| Teaching you will provide to the pt receiving antihypertensive therapy |
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Definition
1) discontinuing may cause rebound HTN; always check w/ doctor first
2) Avoid taking OTC drugs w/out checking with doctor
3) In trauma situations, let healthcare providers know that you are taking antihypertensive drugs |
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Term
| Define how anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytic medications work and when you expect to see them prescribed |
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Definition
Anticoagulants - inhibit clot formation; prescribed prophylactically to prevent new clots forming in pts w/ venous/arterial disorders who are at high risk for clot formation
Antiplatelets - prevent thrombosis by suppressing platelet aggregation; prescribed to pts at risk of having a stroke or MI
thrombolytics - disintegrates the blood clot; prescribed w/in 4 hours after an acute MI |
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Term
| Define common side effects from using anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytic meds |
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Definition
Abdominal pain, N/V/D
Adverse (call Dr) - Bleeding; tarry stools |
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Term
| Teaching for the pt who is prescribed anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytic medications |
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Definition
| Avoid diet that is rich in Vit K; inform dentist when taking anticoagulants; use soft toothbrush; do not take aspirin |
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Term
| Define the antidote for heparin and warfarin therapy |
|
Definition
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Term
| Define important labs to monitor for anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and when monitoring should occur |
|
Definition
PT/INR;
PT - immediately before the next drug dose until the therapeutic level is reached
INR - regular intervals throughout therapy |
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Term
| Two major categories of lower respiratory disorders |
|
Definition
COPD
Restrictive lung disease |
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Term
| What are the major disorders that cause COPD |
|
Definition
1) chronic bronchitis
2) emphysema
3) asthma |
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|
Term
| Define restrictive lung disease |
|
Definition
| Decrease in total lung capacity due to fluid accumulation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Cigarette smoking
Chronic lung infections
Allergens/pollutants
Lack of alpha 1-antitrypsin protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1) dyspnea, wheezing, coughing
2) excess mucous
3) inflammation, bronchospasms
4) irreversible damage to the lung |
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|
Term
| What is the therapeutic range for Theophylline |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe 2 types of antihistamines, the difference b/w them, and when they are most useful |
|
Definition
| 1st generation and 2nd generation; 2nd generation has less side effects |
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Term
| Discuss when decongestants are most often used and how they work |
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Definition
| Whenever nasal blood vessels dilate during infection, inflammation and allergies |
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Term
| Assessments you will perform for pt receiving antihistamine, decongestant |
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Definition
1) determine baseline vitals
2) check for drug-drug interactions
3) s/s of urinary dysfunction (retention, dysuria, frequency)
4) cardiac and respiratory status |
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Term
| Teaching for the pt taking antihistamines, decongestants |
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Definition
1) warn that drowsiness can occur
2) avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants |
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Term
| Pros and cons b/w systemic and intranasal decongestants |
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Definition
Systemic - relieves for a longer period
Intranasal - acts promptly with fewer side effects |
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Term
| Define the action of inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonists |
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Definition
| Relaxes the smooth muscle of the bronchi; they are selective to the lungs |
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Term
| Describe common side effects for theophylline/aminophylline |
|
Definition
| tachycardia, palpitations, dysrhythmias, nervousness, irritability, insomnia |
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Term
| Discuss when leukotriene inhibitors are typically prescribed and the action they have in lungs |
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Definition
| They are used for maintenance for chronic asthma not for acute asthma attacks. They reduce inflammatory asthma response, decrease bronchoconstriction |
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Term
| Discuss the advantage of inhaled glucocorticoids versus oral/IV glucocorticoids |
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Definition
| It minimizes the risk for adrenal suppression associated with oral systemic glucocorticoid therapy |
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Term
| What is the antidote for beta blocker overdose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a contraindication of ACE inhibitors |
|
Definition
Pregnancy
Caution with K+ sparring diuretics and salt substitutes |
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|
Term
What are the lipid values for
Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL |
|
Definition
CHO - 150-200
Triglycerides - 40-150
LDL - <100
HDL - 45-60 |
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Term
| What is the antilipidemic that inhibits hempatic synthesis |
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Definition
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