Term
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Definition
| •AN ALLERGIC RESPONSE THAT IS NOT PRECEDED BY A PRIOR EXPOSURE TO THE OFFENDING DRUG |
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Term
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Definition
| •IMMUNE RESPONSES ASSOCIATED WITH T-LYMPHOCYTES |
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Term
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Definition
| •CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS (COX-1, COX-2, COX-3 |
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Term
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Definition
•A REACTION THAT INVOLES DAMAGE TO TISSUE CELLS
•CAN INCLUDE OVERDOSE |
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Term
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Definition
| •A SUBSTANCE (DRUG) OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT THAT CANNOT INDUCE ANTIBODY FORMATION UNLESS ATTACHED TO ANOTHER MOLECULE (USUALLY A PROTEIN) |
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Term
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Definition
| •A SITUATION IN WHICH A SMALLER THAN NORMAL DOSE OF A DRUG PRODUCES THE INTENDED EFFECT |
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Term
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Definition
| •A SITUATION IN WHICH A LARGER THAN NORMAL DOSE OF A DRUG IS NEEDED TO PRODUCE THE INTENDED EFFECT |
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Term
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Definition
| •A UNIQUE OR UNEXPECTED DRUG REACTION, OFTEN RELATED TO GENETIC VARIATIONS IN THE INDIVIDUAL |
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Term
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Definition
| •SPECIFIC SIGNS OF A GIVEN DISEASE, AND NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CONDITIONS |
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Term
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Definition
| •DEFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMS OR LEGS, A TERATOGENIC EFFECT |
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Term
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Definition
•THE STATE OF BODY FUNCTIONS
•NORMAL OR ABNORMAL |
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Term
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Definition
•A DOSEFORM THAT HAS NO ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
•"SUGAR PILL" |
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Term
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Definition
| •MALIGNANCY CAUSED BY A DRUG OR CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE |
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Term
| SECONDARY ONCOGENIC EFFECT |
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Definition
| •MALIGNANCY CAUSED BY IMMUNE SUPPRESSION, WHICH ALLOWS ONCOGENIS VIRUSES TO CAUSE MALIGNANT CHANGES IN CELLS |
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Term
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Definition
| •INFECTION CAUSED BY MICROBES THAT WERE NOT AFFECTED BY ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY, SUCH AS A YEAST INFECTION FOLLOWING ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY |
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Term
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Definition
| •THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE TO A DRUG |
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Term
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Definition
| •A SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF CAUSING FETAL DEFORMITY |
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Term
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Definition
| •A PREDICTABLE ADE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NORMAL DOSE OF A DRUG, BUT CAN INCLUDE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF OVERDOSE |
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Term
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Definition
| •AN UNPREDICTABLE ADE, NOT RELATED TO THE DOSE |
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Term
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Definition
| •ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DOES ONE DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS? |
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Definition
| •THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS ARE DESIRABLE EFFECTS, WHEREAS ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE UNDESIRABLE (ADE) |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE IN WHICH A SIDE EFFECT IS USED FOR A THERAPEUTIC EFFECT? |
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Definition
| •AN ANTIHISTAMINE CAN BE USED TO TREAT INSOMNIA (BECAUSE IT CAUSES DROWSINESS) |
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Term
| WHAT FACTORS CAN ALTER DRUG EFFECTS? |
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Definition
•NON-COMPLIANT PATIENTS
•PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS (PLACEBO EFFECT)
•TOLERANCE TO THE MEDICATION
•TIME OF ADMINISTRATION
•SEX OF THE CLIENT (WOMEN MIGHT NEED SMALLER DOSES
•AGE AND WEIGHT |
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Term
| WHAT FACTORS SHOULD YOU CONSIDER BEFORE SELECTING A DRUG FOR A THERAPEUTIC EFFECT? |
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Definition
•DIAGNOSIS OF THE PROBLEM (WHAT WILL IT BE USED FOR?)
•INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGIC STATUS (ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IN CHILDREN AND ELDERLY)
•VARIATIONS IN DISEASE STATES OR UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTANCES, SUCH AS PREGNANCY
•DRUG-RELATED PHARMACODYNAMIC AND PHARMACOKINETIC VARIABLES |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF HOW THE DENTAL HYGIENIST CAN MONITOR FOR ADEs? |
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Definition
•FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONING DURING HEALTH HISTORY REVIEW
•ORAL EXAMINATION FOR ADEs |
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Term
| WHAT MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN TYPE-A ADEs? |
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Definition
•CYTOTOXIC REACTIONS
•DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS
•DRUG-FOOD INTERACTIONS
•DRUG-DISEASE INTERACTIONS |
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Term
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Definition
•2 OR MORE THERAPEUTIC DRUGS GIVEN AT THE SAME TIME OR CLOSE TOGETHER MAY:
-ACT INDEPENDENTLY
-INTERACT TO INCREASE OR DIMINISH THE MAGNITUDE OR DURATION OF ACTION OF ONE OR MORE DRUGS
-INTERACT TO CAUSE AN UNINTENDED REACTION
•MAY BE COMPLEX AND UNEXPLAINED |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS? |
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Definition
•PHARMACODYNAMIC DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS
•PHARMCOKINETIC DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS |
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Term
| WHAT MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN TYPE-B ADEs? |
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Definition
•IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS
•IMMUNOLOGIC/ALLERGIC REACTIONS
•PSEUDOALLERGIC REACTIONS
•TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
•ONCOGENIC EFFECTS |
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Term
| TYPE-A ADE / TYPE-B ADE - WHICH IS MORE COMMON? |
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Definition
| •TYPE-A (BUT TYPE-B ARE USUALLY MORE SERIOUS) |
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Term
| WHICH ADEs ARE RELATED TO A GENETIC DETERMINATION? |
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Definition
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Term
TYPE-A ADEs ARE _____________
TYPE-B ADES ARE _____________ |
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Definition
•PREDICTABLE
•UNPREDICTABLE |
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Term
| WHICH TYPE ADE USUALLY MANIFESTS AFTER LONG TIME PERIODS FOLLOWING DRUG INGESTION? |
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Definition
| •TYPE-B ADEs REQUIRE LONGER TIME PERIODS FOR THE CLINICAL EFFECTS TO OCCUR, OFTEN UP TO 12 WEEKS OF DRUG EXPOSURE |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A CYTOTOXIC REACTION? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHY ARE SOME DRUGS TAKEN ON AN EMPTY STOMACH? |
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Definition
| •BECAUSE THE FOOD CAN AFFECT THE ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION OF THE DRUG |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF DRUG-FOOD INTERACTIONS? |
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Definition
| •YOU SHOULDN'T INGEST MILK PRODUCTS WHEN TAKING TETRACYCLINE |
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Term
| DRUG-DISEASE INTERACTIONS |
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Definition
| •A DRUG PRESCRIBED FOR THE TREATMENT OF ONE DISEASE OR CONDITION MAY HAVE AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON A DIFFERENT MEDICAL CONDITION |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A CHELATING DRUG-FOOD REACTION? |
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Definition
| •THE INTERACTION OF TETRACYCLINE WITH CALCIUM IN MILK OR OTHER DAIRY PRODUCTS |
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Term
| WHICH LIVER ENZYMES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DRUG-GRAPEFRUIT INTERACTIONS? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW WOULD AN ACIDIC AGENT AFFECT EXCRETION OF OTHER ACIDIC DRUGS USED SIMULTANEOUSLY? |
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Definition
| •ACIDIC AGENTS CAN LOWER THE pH IN THE GLOMERULUS AND CAUSE ACIDIC DRUGS TO BE REABSORBED IN THE KIDNEY - DELAYING THE EXCRETION AND PLACING THE VITAMIN BACK IN CIRCULATION |
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Term
| WHICH GROUPS ARE MOST LIKELY TO HAVE IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT AGE GROUPS AND SEXES ARE MORE LIKELY TO DEVELOP DRUG ALLERGIES? |
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Definition
•CHILDREN AND ELDERLY
•WOMEN TWICE AS COMMONLY THAN MEN |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS AND WHAT IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TYPE? |
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Definition
•TYPE I (IMMEDIATE) - IgE
•TYPE II (CYTOTOXIC) - IgG
•TYPE III (IMMUNE-COMPLEX) - IgG
•TYPE IV (DELAYED) |
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Term
| ANAPHYLAXIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHICH HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION INVOLVES T-CELL ACTIVATION? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHICH HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION IS THE MOST DANGEROUS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHICH HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION RESULTS FROM THE TB SKIN TEST? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•AKA: ANAPHYLACTOID
•CANNOT BE EXPLAINED ON AN IMMUNOLOGIC BASIS
•UNCOMMON ADE THAT OCCURS IN PATIENTS WITH NO PRIOR EXPOSURE TO THE DRUG |
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Term
| LIST THE VARIOUS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF TYPE-A ADEs |
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Definition
•CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS
•GI DISTURBANCES
•URINARY INCONTINENCE (FREQUENT)
•MOOD ALTERATIONS
•CARDIO DYSFUNCTION
•EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS
•XEROSTOMIA
•BLEEDING DIATHESES
•BACTERIAL, FUNGAL, VIRAL INFECTIONS
•GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
•NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS
•INADEQUATE NUTRITION |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF HEPATOTOXICITY? |
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Definition
| •NAUSEA, VOMITING, ANOREXIA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, JAUNDICE (DAYS LATER) |
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Term
| WHAT IS A POSSIBLE ADE ASSOCIATED WITH BENZOCAINE AND PRILOCAINE THAT CAN AFFECT BLOOD COMPONENTS? |
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Definition
•METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
•METABOLITES OF THE DRUGS BIND WITH HEMOGLOBIN AND INTERFERE WITH ITS OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY |
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Term
| WHAT IS MUCOSITIS, AND HOW CAN IT LEAD TO SYSTEMIC INFECTION? |
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Definition
•MUCOSITIS IS THE ULCERATION OF THE ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES WHICH OCCURS DURING CHEMOTHERAPY
•MUCOSITIS CAN PROVIDE AN ENTRY MECHANISM LEADING TO SYSTEMIC INFECTION THROUGH ORAL MICROORGANISMS |
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Term
| WHAT AREA OF THE BRAIN INDUCES VOMITING? |
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Definition
| •THE CHEMORECEPTOR TRIGGER ZONE FOUND IN THE MEDULLARY AREA |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC XEROSTOMIA AND WHAT ARE THE DENTAL HYGIENE IMPLICATIONS? |
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Definition
•REDUCED LUBRICATION
•REDUCED ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIVIRAL, AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
•LOSS OF MUCOSAL INTEGRITY
•LOSS OF BUFFERING CAPACITY
•REDUCED LAVAGE AND CLEANSING OF ORAL TISSUES
•ALTERED DIGESTION, TASTE, AND SPEECH
•HYGIENIST SHOULD RECOMMEND HOME FLUORIDE TO PREVENT CAVITIES, XYLITOL GUM OR MINTS TO STIMULATE SALIVARY FLOW, ARTIFICIAL SALIVA PRODUCTS |
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Term
| ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS INCREASE THE RISK FOR WHAT ADE? |
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Definition
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH AN INFECTION OCCURS AS THE RESULT OF AN ADE |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF TYPE-B REACTIONS? |
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Definition
•IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS
•ALLERGIC/IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS
•PSEUDOALLERGIC REACTIONS
•LICHENOID STOMATITIS
•ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME AND STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME
•TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
•ONCOGENIC EFFECTS |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL APPEARANCES OF TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY? |
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Definition
•AFFECT THE SKIN
•ERYTHEMATOUS, RAISED AREA, CALLED A "WHEAL-AND-FLARE" REACTION
•CRAMPING, VOMITING, DIARRHEA
•URTICARIA |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL APPEARANCES OF TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY? |
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Definition
•FEVER
•URTICARIA
•SWELLING OF FACE AND FEET
•LYMPHADENOPATHY
•JAUNDICE |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL APPEARANCES OF TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY? |
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Definition
•REDNESS
•EDEMA
•HEMORRHAGE
•ISCHEMIC NECROSIS OF TISSUES |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL APPEARANCES OF TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY? |
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Definition
•FEVER
•MALAISE
•ERYTHEMA
•RASH
•TINY VASCULAR LESIONS
•EDEMA IN TARGET LESIONS |
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Term
| WHICH HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE LEADS TO SHOCK? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHICH HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE INCLUDES HIGH FEVER? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHICH HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE MANIFESTS AS DIARRHEA AND VOMITING? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHICH TYPE OF ADE INCLUDES LICHENOID STOMATITIS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE MANAGEMENT FOR PHOTOPHOBIA? |
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Definition
| •DIRECT DENTAL LIGHT AWAY FROM THEIR EYES |
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