Term
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Definition
| drug effects that are not the desired therapeutic effects; may be unpleasant or even dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company that developed it; also called a trade name |
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Term
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Definition
| name that reflects the chemical structure of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that are introduced into the body to bring about some sort of change |
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Term
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
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Definition
| Federal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs sold by their generic name; not brand (or trade) name products |
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Term
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Definition
| the original designation that a drug is given when the drug company that developed it applies for the approval process |
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Term
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Definition
| process of altering DNA, usually of bacteria, to produce a chemical to be used as a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that have been discovered but would not be proftable for a drug company to develop; usually drugs that would treat only a small number of people; these orphans can be adopted by drug companies to develop |
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Term
| over the counter drugs (OTC) |
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Definition
| Drugs that can be purchased without needing a prescription |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the biological effects of chemicals including drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical pharmacology—the branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of disease in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| a pilot study of a potential drug done with a small number of selected, healthy human volunteers |
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Term
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Definition
| a clinical study of a proposed drug by selected physicians using actual patients who have the disorder the drug is designed to treat; patients must provide informed consent |
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Term
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Definition
| use of a proposed drug on a wide scale in the clinical setting with patients who have the disease the drug is thought to treat |
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Term
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Definition
| continual evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing |
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Term
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Definition
| initial trial of a chemical thought to have thera-peutic potential; uses laboratory animals, not human subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| having adverse effects on the fetus |
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Term
| What two key concerns are addressed by clinical pharmacology? |
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Definition
| the drug’s effects on the body and the body’s response to the drug. |
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Term
| What are key nursing responsibilities with respect to dispensing drugs to patients? |
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Definition
• Administering drugs
• Assessing drug effects
• Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable
• Providing patient teaching about drugs and the drug regimen
• Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors |
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Term
| In preclinical trials, chemicals that may have therapeutic value are tested on laboratory animals for two main purposes: |
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Definition
| (1) to determine whether they have the presumed effects in living tissue and (2) to evaluate any adverse effects. |
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Term
| In preclinical trials, chemicals that may have therapeutic value are tested on laboratory animals for two main purposes: |
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Definition
| (1) to determine whether they have the presumed effects in living tissue and (2) to evaluate any adverse effects. |
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Term
| At the end of the preclinical trials, some chemicals are discarded for the following reasons: |
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Definition
• The chemical lacks therapeutic activity when used with living animals.
• The chemical is too toxic to living animals to be worth the risk of developing into a drug. |
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Term
| At the end of phase I studies, many chemicals are dropped from the process for the following reasons: |
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Definition
• They lack therapeutic effect in humans.
• They cause unacceptable adverse effects.
• They are highly teratogenic.
• They are too toxic. |
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Term
| At the end of phase II studies, a drug may be removed from further investigation for the following reasons: |
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Definition
• It is less effective than anticipated.
• It is too toxic when used with patients.
• It produces unacceptable adverse effects.
• It has a low benefit-to-risk ratio, meaning that the therapeutic benefit it provides does not outweigh the risk of potential adverse effects that it causes.
• It is no more effective than other drugs already on the market, making the cost of continued research and production less attractive to the drug company. |
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Term
| At the end of phase III studies, a drug may be removed from further investigation for the following reasons: |
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Definition
• Produce unacceptable side effects.
• Produce unexpected responses. |
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Term
| The controlled drugs are divided into five DEA schedules based on their potential for abuse and physical and psychological dependence. |
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Definition
Schedule I (C-I): High abuse potential and no accepted medical use (heroin, marijuana, LSD)
Schedule II (C-II): High abuse potential with severe dependence liability (narcotics, amphetamines, and barbiturates)
Schedule III (C-III): Less abuse potential than schedule II drugs and moderate dependence liability (nonbarbi-turate sedatives, nonamphetamine stimulants, limited amounts of certain narcotics)
Schedule IV (C-IV): Less abuse potential than schedule III and limited dependence liability (some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and nonnarcotic analgesics)
Schedule V (C-V): Limited abuse potential. Primarily small amounts of narcotics (codeine) used as antitussives or antidiarrheals. Under federal law, limited quantities of certain schedule V drugs may be purchased without a prescription directly from a pharmacist. The purchaser must be at least 18 years of age and must furnish suitable identification. All such transactions must be recorded by the dispensing pharmacist. |
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Term
| Pregnancy categories pertaining to teratogenic risk assessment. |
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Definition
Category A: Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the rst trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters.
Category B: Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women, or animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters.
Category C: Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans; the benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks, or there are no animal reproduction studies and no adequate studies in humans.
Category D: There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks.
Category X: Studies in animals or humans demonstrate fetal abnormalities or adverse reaction; reports indicate evidence of fetal risk. The risk of use in a pregnant woman clearly outweighs any possible benefit. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which drugs are transferred from the site of entry into the body to the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| undesirable effects other than the intended therapeutic effect of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system response that occurs when the body interprets the administered drug as a foreign substanceand forms antibodies against the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| glass flask containing a single dose of medication for parenteral administration |
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Term
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Definition
| severe reaction occurringimmediately after exposure to a drug; characterized by respiratory distress and vascular collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| combined effect of two or more drugs that produces less than the effect of each drug alone |
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Term
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Definition
| condition that occurs when the body cannot metabolize a drug before additional doses are administered |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of drugs by the circulatory system to the site of action |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of the body to become accustomed to a drug over time; larger doses are required to produce the desired effects |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of a drug from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of time it takes for half a dose of a drug to be eliminated from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| unusual, unexpected response to a drug that may manifest itself by overresponse, underresponse, orresponse different from the expected outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| administration of a drug in solution via the respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| injection placed just below the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| an injection into deep muscle tissue, usually of the buttock, thigh, or upper arm |
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Term
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Definition
| injection of a solution into the vein |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of a drug to an inactive form; also referred to as biotransformation |
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Term
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Definition
| battery-operated pump for intermittent infusion allowing medication mixed in a syringe to be connected to the primary line and delivered by mechanical pressure applied to the syringe plunger |
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Term
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Definition
| name by which a drug is identified in official publications |
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Term
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Definition
| outside of intestines or alimentary canal; popularly used to refer to injection routes |
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Term
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Definition
| highest plasma concentration of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which drugs alter cell physiology and affect the body |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of drug molecules in the body inrelation to the drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| study of actions of chemicals on living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamic that achieves the desired therapeutic effect of the drug without causing other undesirable effects |
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Term
| piggyback delivery system |
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Definition
| intermittent IV administration of medications through a primary IV line, with the additive container positioned higher than the primary IV solution |
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Term
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Definition
| an inactive substance that gives satisfaction to the person using it |
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Term
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Definition
| injection into the subcutaneous tissue that lies between the epidermis and the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| that concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| application of a substance directly to a body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| specific groups of symptoms related to drug therapy that carry risk for permanent damage or death |
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Term
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Definition
| drug name selected and trademarked by the company marketing the drug; also called brand name or proprietary name |
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Term
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Definition
| the point when a drug is at its lowest concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| glass bottle with self-sealing stopper through which medication is removed; may be single or multiple dose |
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Term
| volume-control administration set |
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Definition
| intermittent intravenous medication infusion diluted with a small amount of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| used to administer medications intramuscularly that ensures the medication does not leak back along the needle track and into the subcutaneous tissue, reducing pain and discomfort. |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations; this term is requently used to refer to the drug therapy of neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell |
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Term
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Definition
| he concentration a drug must reach in the tissues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired therapeutic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the presence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activity of that enzyme system |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given by other routes because of this early breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| property of a chemotherapeutic agent that affects only systems found in foreign cells without affecting healthy human cells (e.g., specific antibiotics can affect certain proteins or enzyme systems used by bacteria but not by human cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| bone marrow depression caused by drug effects on the rapidly multiplying cells of the bone marrow; lower-than-normal levels of blood components can be seen |
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Term
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Definition
| skin reactions commonly seen as adverse effects of drugs; can range from simple rash to potentially fatal exfoliative dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of antibodies to a drug or drug protein; causes an immune response when the person is next exposed to that drug |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive responsiveness to either the pri-mary or the secondary effects of a drug; may be caused by a pathological condition or, in the absence of one, by a particular patient’s individual response |
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Term
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Definition
| overdose of a drug that causes damage to multiple body systems and has the potential for atal reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| nammation o the mucous membranes related to drug effects; can lead to alterations in nutrition and dental problems |
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Term
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Definition
| infections caused by the destruction of normal flora bacteria by certain drugs, which allow other bacteria to enter the body and cause infection; may occur during the course of antibiotic therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds with pain-blocking properties, capable of producing analgesia, ex: Acetaminophen |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that affect the action potential of cardiac cells and are used to treat arrhythmias and restore normal rate and rhythm. Ex: Digoxin |
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Term
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Definition
| a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.Ex: tetracycline |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that block or inhibit any step of the coagulation process, preventing or slowing clot formation. Ex: warfarin (coumadin) |
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Term
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Definition
| (chiefly of a drug) used to prevent or reduce the severity of epileptic fits or other convulsions. Ex: phenytoin |
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Term
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Definition
| drug that blocks the stimulation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, leading to decreased activity and increased time for absorption of needed nutrients and water. Ex: bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that blocks the hyperactive response of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) to various stimuli, the response that produces nonbeneficial nausea and vomiting. Ex: chlorpromazine |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that block the release or action of histamine, a chemical released during infammation that increases secretions and narrows airways. Ex: loratadine (Claritin) |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that block the effects of the infammatory response. Ex: ibuprofen |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug used to treat hypertension work to alter the normal reflexes that control blood pressure. Ex: benazepril (ACE inhibitor) |
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Term
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Definition
| drug used to treat disorders involving thought processes; dopamine-receptor blocker that helps affected people to organize their thoughts and respond appropriately to stimuli Ex: haloperidol (Haldol) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that block the cough reflex. Ex: hydrocodone |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that treat itching. Ex: Hydrocortisone (Bactine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that affect intracellular calcium levels leading to increased contractility and therefore, increased cardiac output w/decreased blood volume equaling decreased workload. Ex: Digoxin |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that prevent the reabsorption of sodium ions and water resulting in increased urine output. Ex: chlorothiazide (Diuril) |
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Term
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Definition
| agent used to induce vomiting to rid the stomach of toxins or drugs. Ex: Ipecac Syrup |
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Term
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Definition
| Laxative, or cathartic, drugs are indicated for the short-term relief of constipation. Ex: bisacodyl (Dulcolax) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that depress the CNS and produce a loss of awareness of the environment and sleep.Ex: chlordiazepoxide (Librium) |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful nerve blockers that prevents depolarization of nerve membranes, blocking the transmission of pain stimuli and, in some cases, motor activity. Ex: benzocaine (Anbesol) |
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Term
| What for processes are pharmacokinetics comprised of? |
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Definition
| Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. |
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Term
| If a patient has impaired circulation what impact would there be on absorption? |
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Definition
| Absorption would be compromised and the dosage would possibly need to be adjusted. |
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Term
| Which type of drug would pass more readily through the cell membrane and the blood brain barrier, a lipid or water soluble drug? |
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Definition
| Lipid soluble drugs will pass more readily across cell membranes and the blood brain barrier |
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Term
| Are alkaline or acidic drugs more readily absorbed in the stomach? |
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Definition
| acidic drugs. alkaline drugs wouldn't be absorbed until they reached the small intestine. |
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Term
| What factors effect drug action? |
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Definition
| Age, gender, pathology, environment, cultural & genetics, weight |
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Term
| What are common drug preparations? |
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Definition
| oral, topical, injectable |
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Term
| There are several types of medication orders. Name a few |
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Definition
| one time orders, standing orders, p.r.n. orders, and stat orders. |
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Term
| What are the seven parts to a medication order? |
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Definition
1.Patient’s name
2.Date and time the order is written
3.Name of drug to be administered
4.Dosage of the drug
5.Route by which the drug is to be administered
6.Frequency of administration of the drug
7.Signature of person writing the order |
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Term
| What are some types of medication supply systems |
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Definition
| Stock, individual, medication cart, computerized medication system, and bar coded medication cart |
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Term
| What 3 checks are used to prevent medication errors? |
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Definition
1.When the nurse reaches for the container or unit dose package;
2.After retrieval from the drawer and compared with the MAR, or compared with the MAR immediately before pouring from a multi-dose container; and
3.When replacing the container to the drawer or shelf or before giving the unit dose medication to the patient. |
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Term
| What are the 7 rights of medication administration? |
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Definition
(1) right medication is given to the (2) right patient in the
(3) right dosage through the
(4) right route at the
(5) right time
(6) the right reason and
(7) the right documentation |
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Term
| What are characteristics of drugs? |
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Definition
1.Generic/Brand name
2.Classification
3.Action
4.Indications or uses
5.route and dosage
6.Adverse reactions/side effects
7.Nursing precautions |
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Term
| What are common adverse reactions? |
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Definition
| Allergic effects, toxic effects, drug interactions |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of drug allergy? |
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Definition
1)Rash
2)Uticaria (hives)
3)Fever
4)Diarrhea
5)Nausea
6)Vomiting
7)Anaphylactic reaction |
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Term
| What factors effect drug absorption |
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Definition
1)Route of administration
2)Drug solubility
3)pH
4)Local conditions at site of administration
5)Drug dosage
6)Serum drug levels
7)Older adult |
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Term
| What four things should always be documented in the medical record with respect to medication administration? |
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Definition
1)Each dose of medication—as soon as possible after it is given
2)Intentional or inadvertently omitted drugs
3)Refused drugs
4)Medication errors |
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Term
| Common Types of Medication Errors |
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Definition
1)Inappropriate prescribing of the drug
2)Extra, omitted, or wrong doses
3)Administration of drug to wrong patient
4)Administration of drug by wrong route or rate
5)Failure to give medication within prescribed time
6)Incorrect preparation of a drug
7)Improper technique when administering drug
8)Giving a drug that has deteriorated |
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Term
| Once a medication error is identified, what 4 steps need to be taken? |
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Definition
1)Check patient’s condition immediately; observe for adverse effects
2)Notify nurse manager and physician
3)Write description of error and remedial steps taken on medical record
4)Complete special form for reporting errors |
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Term
| What mandatory information is required whenever a narcotic is administered? |
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Definition
1)Name of patient receiving narcotic
2)Amount of narcotic used
3)The hour narcotic was given
4)The name of physician prescribing narcotic
5)Name of the nurse administering narcotic |
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Term
| Oral medications are given in what forms? |
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Definition
Solid form — tablets, capsules, pills
Liquid form — elixirs, spirits, suspensions, syrups |
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Term
| Administration of Oral Medications |
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Definition
1)Oral Route—having patient swallow drug
2)Enteral route—administering drug through an enteral tube
3)Sublingual administration—placing drug under tongue
4)Buccal administration—placing drug between tongue and cheek |
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Term
| Intradermal injections are delivered where and at what angle and what sites? |
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Definition
| They are administered into the dermis,just below the epidermis at a 5 to 15 degree angle at inner surface of the forearm and the upper back, under the scapula. |
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Term
| Subcutaneous injections are delivered where and at what angle and what sites? |
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Definition
| They are administered into the adipose tissue layer just below the epidermis and dermis at Various sites may be used for subcutaneous injections,including the outer aspect of the upper arm, the abdomen(from below the costal margin to the iliac crests), the anterior aspects of the thigh, the upper back, and the upper ventral or dorsogluteal area @ 45 to 90 degrees |
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Term
| For intradermal injections what needle size and gauge should be used? |
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Definition
| A 1/4" to 1/2", 26- or 27-gauge needle is used. |
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Term
| For subcutaneous injections what needle size and gauge should be used? |
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Definition
| A 25- to 30-gauge,The 3/8" and 5/8" needles are most commonly used. |
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Term
| What sites are typically used for IM injections and at what angles? |
|
Definition
[image]
vastus lateralis, deltoid, and ventrogluteal sites with 72 to 90 degree angle |
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Term
| Criteria for Choosing Equipment for Injections |
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Definition
| 1)Route of administration 2)Viscosity of the solution 3)Quantity to be administered 4)Body size 5)Type of medication |
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Term
| When teaching a patient about medication administration, what information should be shared to insure the desired outcomes? |
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Definition
1)Review techniques of medication administration
2)Remind patient to take the medication as prescribed for as long as prescribed
3)Instruct patient not to alter dosages without consulting physician
4)Caution patient not to share medications |
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Term
| What is the antidote for Heparin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the antidote for coumadin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the antidote for tylenol (acetaminophen)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the onset, peak and duration of NPH insulin? Regular insulin? |
|
Definition
NPH - Onset: 2-4hrs, Peak: 4-10hrs, Duration: 10-16hrs
Regular - Onset: 30-60mins, Peak: 2-4hrs, Duration: 5-7hrs |
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Term
| Ace inhibitors have what suffix in common? Give an example |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ARB's (angiotensin receptor blocker II) has what suffix in common? Give an example |
|
Definition
| Sartan as in valsartan (diovan) |
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Term
| Beta blockers have what suffix in common? Give an example. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CA channel blockers have what suffix in common? Give an example |
|
Definition
| Pine as in amLODIPine (Norvasc) |
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Term
| If you are administering a diuretic like Lasix, what lab result would you be most interested in being aware of? |
|
Definition
| Potassium as administering a diuretic in the presence of abnormal potassium values can have undesirable outcomes. |
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|
Term
| Give an example of a potassium sparing diuretic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digoxin strengthens the force of cardiac contractions? What potassium related condition can interfere with Digoxins' effectiveness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What site is used for insulin injections and what length needle? What gauge? |
|
Definition
| abdomen 2" from umbilicus. alternate site use. 5/16" to 1/2" needle 28 - 30 gauge |
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