Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Pharmacology
Chapter 7 and 8
39
Nursing
Graduate
10/01/2012

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
medication error
Definition
"Any preventable event event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient or consumer"
Term
medication error index
Definition
categorizes medication errors by evaluating the extent of harm an error can cause
Term
10 rights of drug administration
Definition

Right dose

Right medication

Right patient

Right route of administration

Right time of medication administration

Right patient education

Right documentation of medication adminstration

Right of the patient to refuse the medication

Right assessment prior to drug adminstration

Right evaluation following drug administration

Term
Medication Adminstration Record
Definition
Another source that should contain information about what medication was given or omitted
Term
Long acting forms of medication can be listed as:
Definition

SR, LA, XL, and XR

 

These tablets or capsules must remain intact for the extended release feature to remain effective. 

 

Patient must not crush, chew, or break the medication in half, b/c doing so can cause Overdose. 

Term
Medication reconciliation
Definition
Process of keeping track of a patients's medications as their care proceeds form one health care provider to another.
Term

When patients receive multiple prescriptions, sometimes for the same condition, they have conflicting pharmacological actions, a condition termed _______

 

 

*Most often seen in the older age group*

Definition
Polypharmacy
Term
Controlled substance
Definition
A drug whose use is restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Term
Scheduled Drugs
Definition
Are classified according to their potential for abuse and toxicity.
Term
Schedule ____ drugs have the highest potential for abuse and have limited or no therapeutic value
Definition
I
Term
What must happen for schedule II drugs?
Definition
Orders must be written and signed by the practitioner.  Telephone orders to a pharmacy are NOT permitted.  Automatic  refills are NOT permitted; patients must visit their healthcare provider first. 
Term
Physical dependence
Definition

Occurs when the body adapts to repeated use of the substance by altering normal physiology.  Over time, the body's cells are tricked into believing that it is normal to have the drug present in your body.  

These alterations in physiology are reversible and when the agent is discontinued, symptoms of withdrawal result

May occur during the normal course of therapy, such as patients receiving high doses of narcotic analgesics during cancer treatment.  They may become physically depenent (w/drawal sxs may occur when d/c), but person should not be considered addicted.

 

 

Term
Psychological Dependence
Definition

Produces no signs of physical discomfort after the agent is d/c.  The uses, however, has an intense desire to continue despite obvious negative economic, physical, or social consequences. 

 

Responsible for relapses.

 

Usually requires the use of relatively high doses for a prolonged time.  (ie marijuana and antianxiety drugs)

Term
Once a patient becomes physically dependent and the substance is abruptly d/c, a _______ syndrome will occur
Definition

withdrawal

*Symptoms of withdrawal are opposite to those of the drugs effects*

Term
Addiction
Definition
An overwhelming compulsion that drives someone to repeat drug-taking behavior, deespite serious health and social consequences.
Term
Rebound effects
Definition

Symptoms of lethargy and fatigue caused by withdrawal of methamphetamine and other stimulates (opposite effect of drug).

 

*when intense enough, the person is driven to take additional doses of the abused substance b/c that will cause the withdrawal symptom to disappear. 

Term
Drugs that should NEVER be abruptly d/c when taken for prolonged periods because serious adverse effects can occur.  Which drugs are they?
Definition
Beta blockers, antidepressants, anti-convulsants, or corticosteriods.
Term

Tolerance

 

With which drugs is this common in occuring?

Definition

This occurs when the body adapts to a drug and larger doses are needed to produce a therapeutic effect. 

 

Drugs that affect the nervous system

 

Usually a biological condition

 

Not an addiction or drug abuse

Term

The rapid development of tolerance, known as ____.

Can be + or -

 

Occurs with which types of drugs?

Definition

tachyphylaxis

+: tolerance to n/v

-: tolerance to pain control (requires more medication to alleviate pain)

 

Occurs with drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines but is not unique to abused substances.

 

 

Term
Cross Tolerance
Definition

Occurs b/w closely related drugs.

 

The more two drugs are similar chemically, the greater the possiblity of cross-tolerance b/w them. 

 

Occurs frequently b/w drugs in the same class, and sometimes b/w dissimilar drugs that have the same pharmacological action. 

Term

1.  Sedatives

 

2.  Two general classes of sedatives

Definition

1.  AKA sedative hypnotics and tranquilizers, are primarliy prescribed for sleep disorders and certain forms of epilepsy. 

 

2.  barbiturates and the nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics

 

*Physical and psychological dependence develop when high doses of barbiturates are taken for extended periods.  Doses may be three or more times above normal due to the development of tolerance. 

*OD's of sedative extremely dangerous b/c resp suppression. 

Term

1. anterograde amnesia (define)

 

2. A type of drug that causes antergrade amnesia

 

 

Definition

1.  A type of short term memory loss where the user cannot remember events that occurs while under the influence of the drug. 

 

2.  Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) "date rape" it is an infamous benzodiazepine 

 

Term
Opioids
Definition
AKA opiates or narcotic analgesics, are prescribed for sever pain, anesthesia, persistent cough, and life-threatening diarrhea. 
Term
One of the most commonly abused drugs is
Definition
Ethanol
Term

1. These drugs have the ability to produce  an altered, dreamlike state of consciousness. 

 

Sometimes called "psychedelics"'

 

2.  Prototype drug for this class is _______

 

3.  These types of drugs are schedule ____ drugs

Definition

1. Hallucinogens

 

2.  lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

 

3.  I:  no medical use. 

Term

1.  Most frequently abused illicit substance is _____

 

2.  Ingredient responsible for most of the psychoactive properties is _____

 

3.  It is a schedule ___ drug

Definition

1.  Marijuana

 

2.  Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

 

3.  I, no approved uses by the FDA; although has been used to help treat glaucoma, N/V with patients receiving antineoplastic agents, muscle spasticity with patients with MS.

Term
Club drug
Definition
substances taken by people at dance clubs, all-night parties, and raves. 
Term
Stimulants such as __1___ and __2___ increase the activity of the  ____3___
Definition

1. amphetamines

2. cocaine

3. CNS

Term
  Amphetamines produce their effect by....
Definition

 increasing the activity of the endogenous neurotransmitters:

 

1.  norepinephrine:  affects awareness and wakefulness by activating neurons in the part of brain k.a. reticular formation. 

2. serotonin (5-HT)

3. dopamine

Term

____1___ is a CNS stimulant widely prescribed for children diagnosed with __2____

 

3.  ___1___ is a schedule ___ drug

Definition

1.  Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

2.  attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

3. Methylphenidate, II, that has many of the pharmacologic actions as cocaine, and amphetamines. 

Term
The __1___ route affords almost instantaneous drug action, because most of these are __2__soluble, the substance quickly enter the brain.
Definition

1.  inhalation

2.  lipid

Term
What is important to note in patients who are smokers and taking oral contraceptives?
Definition

The cardiovascular effects of nicotine are very serious in smokers who are taking oral contraceptives -- their risk of a fatal heart attack is 5 times greater than that of nonsmokers. 

 

Smokers are more likely to be infertile. 

Term

Cocaine is a schedule __1__ drug

 

It is the _2__ most commonly used illicit drug in the U.S.

Definition

1.  II

 

*produces psychological and physiological actions similar to the amphetamines, although its effects can be much more rapid and intense. 

 

2.  second

 

 

Term
Main difference b/w psychological and physical dependence
Definition
Psychological dependence may also develop quickly, perhaps after only one use, such as with crack cocaine.  Whereas, physical dependence is ofter overcome within a few days or weeks after d/cing the drug, psycological depenence may persis for months, years, or eve an entire lifetime.
Term
Max of Tyelenol a patient can receive:
Definition
4 g (liver failure) or 6 grams if healthy
Term
CNS Depressants
Definition

Top 4:

 

Antianxiety Agents

Opiods

Alcohol

Sedatives

 

Cannabinoids (Marijuana)

Hallucinogens (LSD, club drugs)

Term
CNS Stimulants (list them)
Definition

Amphetamines (ADHD, wt control)

Cocaine

Caffeine

Nicotine

Inhalants

Anabolic Steroids

 

Term
5-10% of cases of alcohol withdrawal proceed to delirium tremens, a syndrome of:
Definition
intense agitation, confusion, terrifying hallucinations, uncontrollable tremors, panic attacks and paranoia. 
Term
What is the medication that is given to dialate the eyes?
Definition
Atropine eye drops
Supporting users have an ad free experience!