Term
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Definition
| converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts Angiotensin I to II |
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Term
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Definition
| A very potent vasoCONSTRICTOR |
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Term
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Definition
| Enhances the reabsorption of Na and H+ from the renal tubules (opposite of a diuretic |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in the kidneys, they counteract the vasoconstriction effects from trauma, ischemia etc. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of diuretics? |
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Definition
| reduce plasma volume levels by decreasing absorption in he kidneys |
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Term
| What are the classes of diuretics? |
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Definition
Thiazide (which is the most effective!)
Loop
K Sparing/aldosterone antagonists
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors |
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Term
| Furosemide (lasix) and bumetanide (bumex) are what type of diuretic? |
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Definition
| Loop. Inhibit re absorption of Na and CL in the ascending loop of Henle and distal tubule |
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Term
| What are some adverse effect of diuretics? |
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Definition
| Dehydration, hypokalemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia increased LDL's |
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Term
| Hydrochlorothiazide and metolazone are what type of diuretic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the MOA of thiazide diuretics? |
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Definition
| promote Na and K excretion and re-absorption of Ca |
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Term
| What are some adverse effects of thiazides? |
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Definition
| hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, , hypercalcemia, orthostatic hypertension |
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Term
| Triamterene and Spironolactone are what type of diuretic? |
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Definition
| Potassium sparing/aldosterone antagonists |
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Term
| What is the MOA of K sparing/aldosterone antagonist diuretics? |
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Definition
| act in the collecting tubule to inhibit Na re-absorption and K excretion |
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Term
| What are some adverse effects of k sparing/aldosterone antagonist diuretics? |
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Definition
| hyperkalemia, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, gynecomastia in males |
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Term
| What type of diuretic is Acetazolamide (mide) |
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Definition
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor |
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Term
| What is the MOA of Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors? |
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Definition
| Inhibits in, cuasing the reduction of hydrogen ion secretion at the renal tubule resulting in similar diuretic effects to other classes |
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Term
| What are the biggest concerns for therapists when a patient is taking diuretics? |
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Definition
| Hypokalemia, orthostatic hypotension, dehydration, urinary incontinence |
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Term
| Atenolol, Metoprolol, Propranolol, and Carbvedilol are what type of drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the MOA for beta blockers? |
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Definition
| reduce heart rate, contractility, and peripheral vascular resistance via a blockade of beta receptors |
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Term
| What are the big concerns for therapists when someone is taking a beta blocker? |
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Definition
| Blood pressure, pulse irregularities, energy level, and dyspnea |
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Term
| Doxazosin and Tamulosin (sin) are what type of drug? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the MOA for alpha blockers? |
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Definition
| vasodilation and decrease in peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
| What are some adverse effect of alpha blockers? |
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Definition
| postural hypotension, tachycardia, arrhythmias |
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Term
| Clonidine (dine) is what type of drug? |
|
Definition
| Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist |
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Term
| what is the MOA of alhpa2 adrenergic agonists? |
|
Definition
| decrease peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
| Whats the big adverse drug effect that can happens with A2AA's that separates it from other blockers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydralazine and Nitroglycerin are what type of drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diltiazem, Verapamil, Amlodipine, and Nifedipine are what type of drug? (dipine) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some adverse effects of calcium channel blockers? |
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Definition
| headache, dizzeness, hypotension, bradycardia, flushing, constipation, sweating, swelling |
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Term
| Lisinopril and Enalapril are what type of drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some adverse effects of ACE inhibitors? |
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Definition
| cough, hypotension, hyperkalemia, and angioedema |
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Term
| Valsartan and Losartan are what type of drug? (sartan) |
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Definition
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB's) |
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Term
| What big side effect does ARB's NOT have compared to other drugs that treat hypertension? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aliskiren is what type of drug? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Nitroglycerin and Isosorbide dinitrate are what type of drug? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the MOA of Nitrates? |
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Definition
| dilation of systemic veins and arteries |
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Term
| What therapeutic modality should be avoided with someone who is taking a nitrate? |
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Definition
| heat modalities (enhancing vasodilation)cause syncope |
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Term
| What are some important side effects of nitrates? |
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Definition
| tachycardia, dizziness, hypotension, weakness |
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Term
| What is MONA-B in a CV emergency incident? |
|
Definition
M-Morphine, cuases vasodilation/pain relief
O- Oxygen to stabilize
N-Nitrates cuases vasodilation and pain relief
A-Aspirin to inhibit further platelet aggregation
B-Betablocker to help decrease rate of re-infarction |
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Term
| What type of drug is Aspirin and Clopidogrel? What's its specific job? |
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Definition
| Anti-platelet Agent, and it inhibits platelet aggregation |
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Term
| What are some adverse effects of Aspirin? |
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Definition
| bleeding, bruising, GI Irritation |
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Term
| Heparin, Enoxaparin, warfarin, and fondaparinuz are what type of drug? What specific job? |
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Definition
| Anticoagulants, used to prevent the existing clot from extending |
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Term
| Rivaroxaban and Apiaban are what type of drugs and when are they used? |
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Definition
| Anticoagulants, Oral Caftor XA inhibitors, used to prevent the existing clot from extending |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits thrombis formation (anticoagulant) |
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Term
| What things as physical therapists do we need to be careful of with someone who is taking drugs for CA? |
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Definition
Caution of deep tissue massage, causing bruising
May easily bleed, patients who bump theree heads on get jabbed in the stomach may be suseptible to internal bleeding
Debridement must be done extremely carefully, otherwise may cause excessive bleeding |
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Term
| What are the 4 contraindications for patients on anticoagulants? |
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Definition
Debridement
Rigorous manual techniques
Deep tissue massage
Chest percussion |
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Term
| Streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, and other "plase) type dreugs do what? Specific job? |
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Definition
| Thrombolytic Agents that lyse the clot after its been formed |
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Term
| What are some good drug classes to use to prevent cholesterol synthesis? |
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Definition
| Statins, bile acid resins, nicotinic acid, fibric acid |
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Term
| What is the first line of therapy for management of cholesterol? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What can statins cause that may interfere/alter treatment? |
|
Definition
| muscle pain and myopathy!!! |
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|
Term
| Name three major types of statins |
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Definition
| Lipitor, Zocor, Crestor (the "ors") |
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Term
| Cilostazol and Pentoxifylline are used for what? |
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Definition
| intermittent claudication. Cilostazol has vasodilator properties, pentoxifylline allows cells to squeeze through vessels and lowers fibrinogen levels (also has anti-platelet effects) |
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Term
| 2 types of cardiac failure? |
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Definition
Systolic --> decreased ejection fraction
Diastolic --> reduced cardiac output |
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Term
| What are some symptoms of CHF? |
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Definition
| dyspnea, cyanosis, edema, fatigue, weight gain, jugular vein distention |
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Term
| Describe the 3 stages of CHF treatment. |
|
Definition
Stage A: ACE inhibitors, ARB's, statins
Stage B: beta blockers
Stage C: spironolactone, loop diuretics, digoxin, hydralazine, isisobide |
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Term
| What three things influence your treatment when someone has CHF? (based off of symptoms) |
|
Definition
Decreased energy level
SOB
Edema |
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|
Term
| what things can cause arrhythmias? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal ischemic events, hypoxia, scar tissue, drug toxicity, electrolyte imbalance |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 phases of cardiac conduction? |
|
Definition
Phase 0: rapeid depol
Phase 1: brief repol
Phase 2: plateau
phase 3: re-polarization
phase 4: rest |
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Term
| Quinidine, disopyramide and procainade are what type of drug? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide are what type of drug? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Flecainide and propagenone are what type of drug? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Class II agents of arrythmia treatment are why type of drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA of class III agents? |
|
Definition
| prolong repolarization and refactory period |
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|
Term
| whats the MOA of class IV agents in antiarrhythmia treatment? |
|
Definition
| inhibit calcium transport through the membrane channels, decreasing contractility |
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Term
| What things as physical therapists do we need to look out for when treating someone who is taking anti-arrhythmia medication? |
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Definition
| Faitness (fall risk), dizziness (fall risk), and visual disturbances (fall risk!!!!) possible muscle weakness as well |
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