Term
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Definition
| A psychological dependence - an emotional and mental preoccupation with the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal physiological state induced by repeated administration of the drug - leads to withdrawal when stopped. |
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Term
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Definition
| State where repeated administration of the drug leads to need for greater doses to obtain the same effect. |
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Term
| What is drug dependence and addiction modulated by? |
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Definition
| Genetic, environmental, experimental, and developmental factors. |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of environmental risk: |
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Definition
1. Environments that promote drug use.
2. Alienation from dominant culture.
3. Young age at first use. |
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Term
| Increased risk of sons or daughters with alcoholic parents? |
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Definition
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Term
| Co-existing disorders and personality traits: |
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Definition
Schizophrenia
Major affective disorders
Anxiety disorders
ADHD
Anti social/borderline personality disorder
Risk taking
Opposing/definat
Pathological gambler. |
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Term
| Protective factors for substance abuse: |
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Definition
Strong involvement in community or activities
High degree of self-esteem and confidence
Genetic factors
Single point mutation for Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
(2% Caucasians, 40% Asians)
Excessive drinking increases acetaldehyde levels causing vasodilation: flushing, headache, dizziness, tachycardia
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Term
| Developmental aspects of substance abuse: |
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Definition
| Adolescence/early adulthood |
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Term
| What else other than DA is involved in the reward system: |
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Definition
| Mu opioid receptor system. |
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Term
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Definition
Environmental novelty
Video-games
Gambling
Fire starting
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Term
Substances which increase Dopamine in brain reward systems |
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Definition
CNS stimulants (eg, Cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate)
Opiates (eg, Morphine, codeine, heroin, methadone, meperidine, hydromorphone, etc)
Nicotine
Solvents (eg. Alcohol)
Cannabis
Caffeine
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Term
Substances which produce novelty |
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Definition
Hallucinogens (eg, LSD, phencyclidine (Angel Dust), Ecstacy (MDMA) etc) |
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Term
Substances which reduce anxiety |
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Definition
CNS depressants (eg. Benzodiazepines, barbiturates)
Anticholinergic agents (eg. diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine, brompheniramine, etc)
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Term
| Alternate definition for drug dependence: |
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Definition
A state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug. |
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Term
Characteristics of Drug Dependence include:
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Definition
A
preoccupation with the drug without regard for the consequences
An overpowering desire or need (compulsion) to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means
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Term
Drug-taking behaviour is maintained by: |
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Definition
A
psychological dependence on the effects of the drug, and/or
A physical dependence on the effects of the drug
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Term
| Is it hard to treat psychological or physical dependence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drives continued drug use? |
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Definition
Use of drug effects to escape unpleasant mood states or harsh realities of life drives continued drug use. |
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Term
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Definition
When continued administration of the drug is required to prevent physical withdrawal symptoms (withdrawal syndrome)
Fear of withdrawal syndrome drives continued drug use
Physical dependence is often accompanied by the development of drug tolerance and the processes may be related
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Term
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Definition
Can be innate (pre-existing sensitivity to the drug) pharmacokinetic (biotransformation), pharmacodynamic (receptors change) and learned (learn to walk while drunk). |
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Term
Factors involved in the Development of Drug Tolerance: |
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Definition
Repeated, usually long-term (several weeks to months) drug administration |
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Term
| Drug tolerance can be expressed as: |
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Definition
Shortened duration of action
Decreased magnitude of effect
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Term
Extent or rate of tolerance development depends on: |
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Definition
Individual
Drug itself (longer half-life more prone to developping tolerance)
Frequency and dose of drug
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Term
Mechanism of tolerance development: |
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Definition
Metabolic tolerance
Increased elimination of drug from body, usually due to increased drug metabolism
Cellular tolerance (Up or down regulation of receptor systems)
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Term
| Name a drug that may not develop tolerance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Benzodiazepines and tolerance: |
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Definition
Tolerance to sedating effects
No tolerance to anti-anxiety effects
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Term
Tolerance may not develop to the lethal dose of a drug
Give 2 examples: |
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Definition
Alcohol: No tolerance to LD
50 (same LD50)
Opiates and amphetamines: Tolerance to respiratory depression (increased LD50)
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Are Withdrawal symptoms more severe with short half-life drugs |
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Definition
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Term
Cross tolerance occurs when: |
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Definition
Drug "B" interacts with the same receptor as drug "A"
Drug "B" has a similar interaction at the same receptor system used by drug "A", but, Drug "B" interacts with a different receptor
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Term
| 2 EXAMPLES OF CROSS-TOLERANCE: |
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Definition
Heroin Methadone
Benzodiazepines Alcohol
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Term
| 2 USES OF CROSS DEPENDENCE |
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Definition
Can be used to blunt withdrawal syndrome by substituting for withdrawn drug (ALCOHOL AND BENZODIAZEPINES)
Can be used to influence drug-taking behaviour
(Heroine and methadone)
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Term
| Substituting a short half life drug with a long half-life drug is an example of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What substance does the patient abuse after it has abrubtly discontinued the use of benzodiazepines and barbiturates? |
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Definition
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