Term
|
Definition
the end perceptual consequence of the neural processing of particular sensory information.
Pain serves a protective function by alerting a person to presence of health problems
Typically arises in periphery and is transferred under multiple controls through sensory relays in the CNS to cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary sensory neurons because they respond to noxious stimuli, are “high threshold” because they require strong potentially tissue damaging stimulus to depolarize their terminals |
|
|
Term
| Vanilloid receptor 1 and 2 |
|
Definition
heat response
Na/Ca influx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nociceptor neurons respond to thermal, mechanical and multiple chemical activator
Chemical ligands that evoke somatosensory responses: protons, potassium ions, ATP, amines, cytokines, chemokines, nerve growth factor, bradykinin
ASICs- acid sensitive ion channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthetic opioid; binds particularly μ- receptor; 100x more potent than morphine; short duration of action 15-30min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
classified as partial agonist at μ- receptors; acts like morphine in naïve patients but precipitates withdrawal in morphine users
Major use is opioid detoxification; but less severe and shorter duration than methadone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antagonist to μ-, κ-, δ- receptors; 10-fold higher affinity μ-, κ- receptors reveres the effects of agonists; will precipitate symptoms of opiate withdrawal
Used to reverse coma and respiratory depression of opioid overdose (within 30 seconds of iv)
Produces no pharmacological effects on normal individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antagonist to μ-, κ-, δ- receptors; 10-fold higher affinity μ-, κ- receptors reveres the effects of agonists; will precipitate symptoms of opiate withdrawal
Used to reverse coma and respiratory depression of opioid overdose (within 30 seconds of iv)
Produces no pharmacological effects on normal individuals |
|
|
Term
| Morphine Mechanism of Actions |
|
Definition
| high affinity at the μ-receptor; acts at the κ-receptor in laminae I and II in the dorsal horn of spinal cord; decreases release of substance P; inhibits release of many excitatory neurotransmitters carrying nociceptive painful stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic Uses of Morphine |
|
Definition
Analgesia
Treatment of Diarrhea
Relief of Cough: codeine and dextromethorphan more commonly used
Treatment of Pulmonary Edema: iv morphine relieves dyspnea caused by pulmonary edema associated with left ventricular failure, possibly by vasodilation effect |
|
|
Term
| Adverse Effects of Morphine |
|
Definition
Respiratory depression
Tolerance and physical dependence: repeated use
Drug interactions: rare but depressant actions of morphine are enhanced by phenothiazines (anti-psychotics), MAOIs, and tricyclic anti-depressants
Vomiting
Histamine-enhanced hypotensive effects
Elevated intracranial pressure
Urinary retention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthetic opioid; binds particularly μ- and κ- receptor.
Used for acute pain
Causes respiratory depression but no significant cardiovascular action. peripheral resistance and an blood flow.
Dilates cerebral blood vessels, CSF pressure
Uses
Analgesia
Not used for treatment of diarrhea
Toxic metabolite causes neurotoxic properties
Adverse effects
Anxiety, tremors, muscle twitches, rarely convulsions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthetic opioid, binds μ- receptor; less euphoria and longer DOA than morphine; NMDA antagonist
Uses
Neurogenic pain (is that which arises from a primary disorder, trauma, or dysfunction of neural afferent structures)
Control withdrawal of dependent abusers from heroin and morphine (milder and more protracted than other opioids)
Adverse effects
Can produce physical dependence like morphine but less neurotoxicity
Can cause torsades de pointes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
