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Definition
| Any chemical that can affect living processes. Focus primarily on drugs that have therapeutic applications. |
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| The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Encompasses the study of the physical and chemical properties of drugs as well as their biochemical and physiologic affects. |
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| The study of drugs in humans. Patients as well as healthy volunteers. |
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| The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease or prevent pregnancy. The medical use of drugs. |
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| There is no such thing. Effective, safe, selective. |
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| Elicits the responses for which it is given. Most important property must do something useful. |
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| A safe drug cannot produce harmful effects, even in high doses over a long period of time. No such thing. |
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| A drug that elicits ONLY the response for which it is given. No side effects. No such thing. |
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| The object of drug therapy is to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm. Achieved through skill and care of drug use. |
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| Other Properties of an Ideal Drug |
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Definition
| Reversible action, predictability, easy of administration, freedom from drug interactions, low cost, chemical stability, possession of a simple generic name. |
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Definition
| Impact of the body on drugs. Processes that determine how much of a dose gets to its site of action. Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. |
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Definition
| Processes that determine the nature and intensity of a response after a drug reaches its sites of action. |
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Definition
| The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. rate determines how soon effects will begin. Amount determines how intense the effects will be. |
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Definition
| Movement of drugs throughout the body. Determined by blood flow to tissues, ability of drug to leave vasculature and ability of drugs to enter cell. |
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Definition
| Biotransformation. Enzymatic alteration of drug structures. Usually in the liver. |
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Definition
| Removal of drugs from the body by urine, bile, sweat, saliva, breast milk and expired air. Kidneys. |
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| Outside the GI tract, by injection. |
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| Important for distribution. Plasma albumin is most abundant. Always remains in the blood stream due to size. Affinity of drug to protein determines if it is free or bound. Restricts drug distribution. Competition can increase amount of free drug. |
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Definition
| The largest effect that a drug can produce. Height of the dose response curve. |
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Definition
| A measure of a drug's safety. Determined using lab animals. Ratio of a drug's average lethal dose and average effective dose. |
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Definition
| The dose that is required to produce a defined therapeutic response in 50% of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that activate receptors. High affinity and intrinsic action |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce their effects by preventing receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs. Affinity but no intrinsic action. only has an effect if antagonist is present. |
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Definition
| Agonist with only moderate intrinsic activity. The maximal effect is lower than that of a full agonist.Moderate intrinsic activity |
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Definition
| Results in toxicity or a therapeutic failure. Either increased or decreased absorption. |
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Definition
| Can occur whenever a patient takes two or more drugs. May intensify the effects(potentiative), reduce the effects(inhibitory) or produce a new response. |
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Definition
| Grapefruit raises drug levels by inhibiting metabolism. Specifically inhibits an isozyme of P-450 in the liver and intestinal wall. |
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Definition
| A nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses. |
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Definition
| An adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing. |
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Definition
| Any noxious, unintended and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses. |
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| An Immune response that occurs after sensitization of the immune system. Intensity of independent of doses. |
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Definition
| An uncommon drug response, resulting from a genetic predisposition. |
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Definition
| A disease produced by drugs. |
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Definition
| A state in which the body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence syndrome will result if drug use is continued. The reason why drug use should not be discontinued without consult. |
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Definition
| Ability of certain medication to cause cancers. |
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Definition
| Drug induced birth defect. |
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Definition
| Ability to cause liver failure. |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic Tolerance |
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Definition
| Associated with long term administration of drugs. Patient requires increased drug levels to produce effects formerly seen at a lower level. Causes MEC to increase. |
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Definition
| Tolerance that results from accelerated drug metabolism. Caused by ability of certain drugs to induce synthesis of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. Does not affect MEC. |
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| Component of a drug response that is caused by psychological factors rather than biochemical or physiologic properties of the drug. |
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Definition
| Ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration. Affected by drug preparation, such as tablet, enteric coating or sustained release |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of time needed for a drug to be reduced by 50% in the body |
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