Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Normalize lipids and triglycerides

-Statins: lower serum cholesterol (LDL levels)

-Adverse effects: hepatoxicity, myopathy 

-Nursing considerations: obtain baseline LDL prior to treatment, monitor for muscle pain or injury and report, monitor liver function tests 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

-Insulin types: rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting, 

-Client education: rotate intermediate-acting insulin vial gently between palms and invert it end to end several times to ensure uniform dispersion 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Gender Hormones

-Hormone replacement therapy: androgens, estrogen, or progesterone

-Estrogen and progesterone adverse effects: headache, dizziness, nausea, vaginal bleeding, breast tenderness, weight gain, thromboembolism

-Androgen adverse effects: nausea, hair thinning, decreased libido, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Anti-infectives: Bacterial Cell Wall Weakeners 

-Anti-infective medications: Kill (bactericidal) or inhibit growth of bacteria (bacteriostatic) 

-Action: inhibit cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, interfere with the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, block or alter a specific metabolic step essential for the normal function and/or growth of the bacterial cell 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Gastrointestinal Agents

-Antidiarrheal agent adverse effects: dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth

-Nursing considerations: monitor fluid and electrolyte balance, assess bowel sounds

-Client education: suck hard candy or chew gum for dry mouth, avoid activities that require mental alertness until effects of medication are known 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Diuretics 

-Increase urine output and remove excess fluids from body 

-Uses: hypertension, fluid removal with heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney disease

-Types: loop, thyazides, potassium-sparing, and osmotic 

 Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Urinary tract 

-Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole: anti-infective

-Use: also otitis media, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis 

-Adverse effects: crystalluria, oliguria, anuria, hepatotoxicty, photosensitivity, GI upset, stomatitis, hypersensitivity rash 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Muscle relaxants

-Action: CNS sedative

-Uses: relax stiff, painful muscles, decreases hyperactive reflexes, muscle spasms, resistance to movement

-Adverse effects: drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, urinary retention 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Opioids 

-Action: binds to opioid receptors to change the perception of pain, suppresses cough reflex, depresses CNS

-Use: relieve moderate to severe pain

-Adverse effects: sedation, hypotension, GI upset, nausea, constipation, dry mouth, respiratory depression, confusion, dizziness, urinary retention 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Antianxiety

-Used to treat: acute alcohol withdrawal, anxiety disorders, anxiety symptoms, convulsive disorders, preoperative sedation, skeletal muscle spasms

-Action: depress subcortical levels in the CNS, depress the limbic system and reticular formation 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Antidepressant 

-Pharmacologic interventions targeted to increase or decrease activity of particular transmitter systems

-Goal: increase serotonin and norepinephrine

-TCAs include: Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Doxepin, Imipramine

-MAOIs include: Isocarboxazid, Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Adrenergic Antagonist

-Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonist (blocker): block acetylcholine; may be selective or nonselective 

-Effect is vasodilation of arterioles, decreased contraction of bladder smooth muscle

-Adverse reactions: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion, impotence

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Anticoagulants

-Heparin: used for short-term therapy, given IV or subcutaneous 

-Action: Inactivates thrombin and prevents conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, dosage is adjusted according to PTT 

-Nursing considerations: leave needle in place for 10 seconds after injection; don't massage 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Epilepsy

-Adverse effects: dizziness, visual changes, ataxia

-Older medications: carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid

-Newer medications: gabapentin, 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Diuretics

-Increase urine output and remove excess fluids from body 

-Uses: hypertension, fluid removal with heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney disease 

-Types: loop, thiazides, potassium-sparing, and osmotic 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Anti-infectives (Aminoglycosides)

-Bind irreversibly to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome proteins

-Use: bacterial infections

-Adverse effects: GI distress, superinfections, ototoxicity, ataxia, vertigo, allergic reaction 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medication: Anti-infectives 

- Kill (bactericidal) or inhibit the growth of bacteria (bacteriostatic) 

-Action: inhibit cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, interfere with the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, block or alter a specific metabolic step essential for the normal function and/or growth of the bacterial cell. 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Thyroid Disorders

-Levothyroxine: used for hypothyroidism 

-Action: increases metabolic rate of body 

-Propylthiouracil: used for hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease

-Adverse effects: nausea, vomiting, rash, fever, sore throat

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Gastrointestinal Agents

-Antidiarrheal agent adverse effects: dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth

-Nursing considerations: monitor fluid and electrolyte balance and assess bowel sounds 

-Client education: suck hard candy or chew gum for dry mouth, avoid activities that require mental alertness until effects of medication are known, drink fluids 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Adrenocortical Hormones

-Glucocorticosteroid: produced by adrenal cortex or synthetic steroid

-Action: suppress severe inflammation or immune response, decrease release of inflammatory mediators, decrease inflammation of inflammatory cells, decrease edema and hyperactivity of airways and mucous production 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Mood stabilizer 

-Lithium use: control manic episodes of bipolar psychosis 

-Adverse effects: dizziness, hand tremors, impaired vision

-Nursing consideration: monitor blood levels 2 to 3 times a week when started and monthly for maintenance 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Gastrointestinal Agents

-Antidiarrheal Agent adverse effects: dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth

-Nursing considerations: monitor fluid and electrolyte balance, assess bowel sounds

-Client education: suck hard candy or chew gum for dry mouth, avoid activities that require mental alertness until effects of medication are known 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Diuretics 

-Increase urine output and remove excess fluids from body

-Used for: hypertension, fluid removal with heart failure,

 cirrhosis, and kidney disease

-Types include: loop, thiazides, potassium-sparing, and osmotic 

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Antipsychotics

- Broad spectrum antipsychotics can be used for many different disorders

-Common adverse side effects include: drowsiness, dry mouth, increased heart rate, urinary retention, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, pseudoparkinsonism

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Asthma

-Asthma medications are either long-term control or short-acting immediate rescue medications.

-May be nebulized or metered-dose inhalers

Stephanie O'Brien

H#00198407

Pharmacological/Parenteral Therapy 122

Medications: Peptic Ulcer Disease

Histamine 2 receptor antagonists 

Action: inhibit gastric acid secretion and decreases total pepsin output

Adverse affects: dysrhythmias, diarrhea, confusion, dizziness, headache

Nursing considerations: monitor for confusion, 

Client education: avoid antacids within 1 hour of medication