Term
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Definition
| Controls food/water intake, body temp., diurnal rhythms, CV function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increases production of prostaglandins that stimulate contraction of uterine smooth muscle and mammary myoepithelial cells resulting in induction of labor and milk ejection but also used for stopping post pardem hemorrhage. |
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Term
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Definition
| V1 and V2 receptors; V1 found on vascular smooth muscle and cause vasoconstriction; V2 found on renal tubule cells and cause increased water permeability of the collecting tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| causes increased synthesis of aquaporin-2 proteins for long-term effect; causes insertion of aquaporin-2 into the apical membrane of the collecting duct cells for short-term effect; also causes vasoconstriction to a much lesser extent and can be used to treat hypovolemic shock |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetic analog that is more selective for the V2 receptor and longer acting due to increased half-life |
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Term
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Definition
| peripheral vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, GI cramps, headache, water intoxication |
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Term
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) |
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Term
| Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) |
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Definition
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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Term
| Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH/Follitropin) and Leutinizing Hormone (LH/Lutropin) |
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Term
| Hrowth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) |
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Definition
| Somatotropin (Growth Hormone) |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (stimulators) |
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Definition
| Secretion also stimulated by Dopamine, 5-HT (Serotonin), hypoglycemia, stress, exercise, sleep, ingestion of protein rich food, GHRH |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (Physiologic Effects) |
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Definition
| Increased production of IGF-1 which increases protein synthesis, muscle mass, Ca retention and long bone growth, lipolysis of fat, gluconeogenesis; neg feedback by increased IGF-1, FFA, and GH levles |
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Term
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Definition
| Tyrosing kinase receptors of the JAK/STAT superfamily |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates milk production when levels of estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, and insulin are correct |
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Term
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Definition
| recombinant human growth hormones (rhGH) |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by pituitary adenomas which cause hypersecretion of GH |
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Term
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Definition
| Dopamine receptor agonist used to treat acromegaly which causes paradoxical decrease in GH production; may work via a negative feedback mechanism; Also used to treat hyperprlactinemia b/c dopamine stops prolactin secretion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits the release of GH, glucagon, insulin, and gastrin |
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Term
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Definition
| Acromegaly treatment; GH antagonist; blocks release of GH from ant. pit.; more selective for GH inhibition than insulin inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| Acromegaly treatment; GH antagonist; blocks release of GH from ant. pit.; more selective for the SSTR 2&5 which mediate GH inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| Acromegaly treatment; GH analog that blocks the GH receptor instead of GH release; prevents receptor dimers from forming and leads to reduced IGF-1 level |
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Term
| Drugs that induce hyperprolactinemia |
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Definition
| Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Opiates, Verapamil |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls digestion, immune system, mood, energy use |
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Term
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (receptor) |
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Definition
| CRH recetpors(membrane-bound peptide receptor) on the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| Pro-opiomelancortin (POMC) |
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Definition
| precursor protein of adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Term
| Melanocyte-stimulatin hormone (MSH) |
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Definition
| first 13-amino acid peptides of ACTH; cleaved from ACTH in the intermediate lobe of the hypothalamus; stimulates pigment production from melanocytes |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (receptor) |
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Definition
| G-protein coupled receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains the functional integrity of the adrenal cortex and causes synthesis and release of mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| Androgen receptor; nuclear receptor because testosterone is a steroid |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase glucose levels; stimulate protein breakdown so AAs can be used for glucneo; Breakdown triglycerides so FFAs can be used by muscle and glycerol in glucneo; Stimulate liver to begin glucneo; prevent muscles and fat from taking in glucose; cause breakdown of muscle, bone, ct, skin; inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine release from immune cells; induce insomnia, euphoria, depression |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids (receptor) |
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Definition
| made from cholesterol (steroid) so nuclear receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary hypercortisolism; Low ACTH High Cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary hypercortisolism; High ACTH High Cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary hypocortisolism; High ACTH Low Cortisol |
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Term
| Sheehan's (pregnancy) or Simmond's disease |
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Definition
| Secondary hypocrtisolism; Low ACTh Low Cortisol |
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Term
| Mineralcorticoids (receptor) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic mineralcorticoid used for the treatment of Addison's disease; binds to both the MR and GC receptor; most ADRs mediated through the MR receptor so not as bad as GCs |
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Term
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Definition
| Aldosterone antagonist; binds MR and androgen receptor; |
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Term
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Definition
| G-Protein coupled recptor; peptide hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| GnRH agonist; act indirectly by binding to autoreceptors on hypothalamus and causing negative feedback; act directly by binding to receptors on anterior pituitary and causing steady release of LH and FSH initially but there is a desensitiaztion effect and an interruption of the pulsatile release of these hormones |
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Term
| Histrelin, Nafarelin, Triptorelin, Goserelin |
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Definition
| GnRH agonists approved for differing indications |
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Term
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Definition
| GnRH antagonists; they block the GnRH receptors on the ant. pit. and prevent the release of LH and FSH. |
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Term
| LH, FSH, and hCG (receptors) |
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Definition
| G-protein coupled receptors; peptide hormones; hCG binds both LH and hCG receptors |
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Term
| Phases of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| Follicular, ovulatory, luteal |
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Term
| Estrogen binding proteins |
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Definition
| α2-globulin, sex-hormone binding globulin, albumin |
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Term
| Ethinyl estradiol, Estradiol valerate |
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Definition
| Synthetic estrogens used for oral contraception or hormone replacement therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear receptors; ERα and ERβ |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintain blood vessel function, increase bone density, produce clotting factors, behavioral and mood effects, regulation of the menstrual cycle, function of female reproductive organs, development of female secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| A and B receptors; nuclear receptors; lipid soluble so it has CNS effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases estrogen-driven endometrial proliferation; increases body temp; causes drowsiness; decreases Na reabsorption by binding to MR and competing with aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Negatively feedback onto the hypothalamus and prevent the release of LH and FSH preventing ovulation; decrease ovary function and size |
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Term
| L-Norgestrel; Medroxyprogesterone |
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Definition
| the only progestin only contraceptive; causes thickening of the cervical mucus and endometrial changes |
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Term
| Estrone, Equilin, Equilenin |
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Definition
| the major forms of estrogen in premarin two of which are cytotoxins that cause DNA damage; used for hormone replacement therapy to alleviate the symptoms of menopause |
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Term
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Definition
| Estrogen receptor partial agonist used as a fertility treatment; inhibits hypothalamic negative feedback and allowed continued production of FSH and LH and continued ovulation |
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Term
| Follitropin alpha, Follitropin beta, Urofollitropin |
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Definition
| FSH agonists used for fertility treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (active metabolite) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol |
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Term
| Oxandrolone, Nandrolone, Methyltestosterone |
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Definition
| synthetic testosterone; 17α-alkylated androgens that bind to the androgen receptor and cause transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Aromatase inhibitor; prevents the conversion of testosterone to estradiol |
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Term
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Definition
| Androgen receptor antagonist used to treat androgen sensitive tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen receptor partial agonist used to treat osteoporosis and breast cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen receptor partial agonist used to treat breast cancer but not indicated for osteoporosis treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that activates vitamin D in the kidney (converts Vitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxy-D) |
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Term
| Hypercalcemia of Malignancy |
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Definition
| causes hypercalcemia by (1) production of activated vitamin D by tumors (2) direct osteolysis of bone (3) PTH synthesis and release by tumor |
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Term
| Jansen’s metaphyseal chondrodysplasia |
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Definition
| Disorder where PTH receptor is activated in the absence of PTH |
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Term
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Definition
| Parathyroid produces sufficient PTH but there is a defect in the Gas subunit of the PTH receptor; no problem with PTH production |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind to osteoclasts and prevent bone resorption; inhibit activation of Vit D3; Inhibit Ca transport in intestine; used to treat OP and hypercalcemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcimimetic; sensitizes the calcium receptors on the parathyroid and makes them more susceptible to neg feedback due to circulating calcium; treats hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit Na reabsorption and increase Ca reabsorption; treats hypocalcemia |
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Term
| Calcitriol, Doxercalciferol, Paricalcitrol |
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Definition
| Vitamin D metabolites used to increase serum calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
| important in growth and development, energy metabolism, body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates calcium metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| binds cell surface receptors and cause increased uptake of glucose and amino acids; bind cytoplasmic binding protein leading to increased protein synthesis |
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Term
| Perchlorate, Thiocyanate, Pertechnetate |
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Definition
| monovalent anions that inhibit the thyroid's uptake of iodine |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidizes iodide to iodine in the thyroid follicular cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that inhibit thyroid peroxidase and prevent oxidation of iodide to iodine and coupling of MIT and DIT |
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Term
| Thyroxine binding globulin, Transthyretin |
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Definition
| serum proteins that bind T3 and T4 to prevent their degredation |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulation of the thyroid in the absence of TSH by antibodies that mimic TSH produced by lymphocytes |
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Term
| Methimazole, Propylthiouracil |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Agents that decrease TH production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune destruction of the thyroid causing hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| T4 used to treat hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| T3 used to treat hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin that has a glycine attached to the end of the alpha chain and two arginines attached to the beta chain resulting in a soluble form at pH 4 that crystalized at the body's pH of 7.4. They begin as hexamers and finally break down to monomers for increased duration of action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin with long chain fatty acid attached that helps bind to albumin and increases duration of action |
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Term
| Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine |
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Definition
| fast acting insulins <15 min |
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Term
|
Definition
| insulin with onset of 30 min - 1 hr |
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Term
| Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glyburide, Gliclazide |
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Definition
| sulfonylureas; stimulate insulin release from the beta cells by binding to the sur1 protein and indirectly inhibiting the K channel stimulating insulin release |
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Term
|
Definition
| meglitinides; stiumlate insulin release from the beta cells by directly binding the k channel blocking it and causing insulin release |
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Term
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Definition
| biguanide; decrease hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis) |
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Term
| Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone |
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Definition
| Thizolidinediones; improve peripheral insulin sensitivity by targeting the peroxisome proliferator receptors on the peroxisomes of adipose tissue and preventing carb metabolism. This reduces free fatty acid levels in the blood. Lower levels of fatty acids improve the performance of insulin in the periphery. These also increase the synthesis of adiponectin (Acrp30) which is supposed to increase sensitivity to insulin. Acrp30 is derived from adipose tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; delay carbohydrate absorption in the gut by preventing/decreasing enzymatic hydrolysis of starch/carbohydrates |
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Term
| Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linapgliptin |
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Definition
| DPP-4 inhibitors; following a meal, GLP-1 (incretin) is produced which causes insulin release and prevents the glucagon production in the pancreas. DPP-4 breaks down GLP-1 and these drugs inhibit DPP-4 |
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Term
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Definition
| incretin agonist; mimics GLP-1 and GIP which causes release of insulin and prevents glucagon production in pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
| incretin analog; mimics GLP-1 and GIP which causes release of insulin and prevents glucagon production in pancreas |
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