Term
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Definition
| derived from two Greek words, pharmakon which means "medicine" and logos (means logic) defined as the study of medicines |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of suffering |
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Definition
| chemical agent capable of producing biological responses within the body |
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Term
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Definition
| after a drug is administered |
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Term
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Definition
| agents naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms, or by the body itself |
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Term
| complementary and alternative therapies |
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Definition
| natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, and many techniques considered by some to be unconventional |
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Term
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Definition
| list of drugs and drug recipes |
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Term
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Definition
| medical reference summarizing standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis |
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Term
| Preclinical investigation |
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Definition
| involves extensive laboratory research. Scientists perform many tests on human and microbial cells cultured in the laboratory |
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Term
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Definition
| the second stage of drug testing, takes place in three stages termed clinical phase trials |
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Term
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Definition
| the longest part of the drug approval process. Clinical pharmacologists first perform tests on healthy volunteers |
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Term
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Definition
| the third stage of the drug approval process. During this stage, clinical phase III trials and animal testing may continue depending on the results obtained from preclinical testing |
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Term
| Postmarketing surveillance |
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Definition
| The final stage of the drug approval process, begins after clinical trials and the NDA review have been completed, The purpose of this stage is to survey for harmful drug effects in a larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| The regulatory agency responsible for ensuring that drugs and medical devices are safe and effective |
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Term
| therapeutic classification |
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Definition
| method of organizing drugs based on their therapeutic usefulness in treating particular diseases |
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Term
| pharmacological classification |
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Definition
| refers to the way an agent works at the molecular, tissue, and body system level |
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Term
| the key to therapeutic classification |
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Definition
| clearly state what a particular drug does clinically |
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Term
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Definition
| how a drug produces its effect in the body |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| restore normal cardiac rhythm |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blocks heart calcium channels |
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Term
| angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor |
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Definition
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Term
| adrenergic antagonist (or blocker) |
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Definition
| blocks physiologic reactions to stress |
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Term
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Definition
| dilates peripheral blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| well-understood drug model with which other drugs in a pharmacological class are compared |
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Term
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Definition
| assigned using standard nomenclature established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). A has only one of these names, sometimes helpful in predicting a substance's physical and chemical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| assigned by the U.S. Adopted Name Council. Less complicated and easier to remember |
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Term
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Definition
| assigned by the company marketing the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetylsaliclic Acid, Acuprin, Anacin, Aspergum, Bayer, Bufferin, Ecotrin, Empirin, Excedrin, Maprin, Norgesic, Salatin, Salocol, Salsprin, Supac, Talwin, Triaphen-10, Vanquish, Verin, ZORprin |
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Term
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Definition
| Allerdryl, Benadryl, Benahist, Bendykatem Caladryl, Compoz, Diahist, Diphenadril |
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Term
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Definition
| Advil, Amersol, Apsifen, Bufen, Haltran, Medipren, Midol 200, Motrin, Neuvil, Novoprufen |
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Term
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Definition
| contains more than one active generic ingredient |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effect |
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Term
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Definition
| list of trade-name drugs that pharmacists may not dispense as generic drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological or psychological need for a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the nervous system to repeated drug use |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual expresses physical signs of discomfort |
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Term
| psychologically dependent |
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Definition
| few signs of physical discomfort when the drug is withdrawn; however, the individual feels an intense compelling desire to continue drug use |
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Term
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Definition
| classified according to their potential for abuse: Schedule I drugs have the highest potential for abuse, and Schedule V drugs have the lowest potential for abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| Heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana, and methaqualone |
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Term
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Definition
| morphine, phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine |
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Term
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Definition
| anabolic steroids, codine and hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol, and some barbiturates |
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Term
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Definition
| drug whose use is restricted by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 and later revisions |
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Term
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Definition
| acquired hyperresponse of body defenses to a foreign substance (allergen) |
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Term
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Definition
| severe type of allergic reaction that involves massive, systemic release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation that can lead to life-threatening shock |
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Term
| five rights of drug administration |
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Definition
| right client, right medication, right dose, right route of administration, and right time of delivery |
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Term
| three checks to drug administration |
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Definition
| checking the drug with the MAR when removing from medication storage, checking when preparing, checking Right before administration |
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Term
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Definition
| taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the practitioner, or in the case of OTC drugs, following the instructions on the label |
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Term
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Definition
| Any medication that is needed immediately, and is to be given only once |
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Term
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Definition
| should be available for administration to the client within 30 minutes of the written order |
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Term
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Definition
| for a drug that is to be given only once, and at a specific time, such as a preoperative order |
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Term
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Definition
| (Latin: pro re nata) is administered "as required" by the client's condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Orders not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN. These are usually carried out within 2 hours of the time the order is written by the physician |
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Term
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Definition
| written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific circumstances. EX: set if postoperative PRN prescriptions that are written for all clients who have undergone a specific surgical procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common system of drug measurement |
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Term
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Definition
| liters; expresses volume of drug |
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Term
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Definition
| milliliters; expresses volume of drug |
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Term
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Definition
| cubic centimeter; a measurement of volume that is equivalent to 1 ml of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| includes drugs given orally and those administered through nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| designed to dissolve in the alkaline environment of the small intestine. It is important that the nurse not crush these tablets because the medication would then be directly exposed to the stomach environment |
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Term
| sustained-release tablets or capsules |
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Definition
| designed to dissolve very slowly. This releases the medication over an extended time and results in a longer duration of action for the medication |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| after meals; after eating |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| every 2, 4 etc. hours (even) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| medication is placed under the toungue and allowed to dissolve slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| tablet or capsule is placed in the oral cavity between the gum and the cheek |
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Term
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Definition
| used to treat local conditions of the ear, including infections and soft blockages of the auditory canal |
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Term
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Definition
| used to treat local conditions of the eye and surrounding structures |
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Term
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Definition
| used for both local and systemic drug administration using the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| drops or sprays shrink swollen mucus membranes or loosen secretions and facilitate drainage |
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Term
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Definition
| delivers drugs via a needle into the skin layers, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, or veins |
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Term
| intradermal (ID) injection |
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Definition
| administered into the dermis layer of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| delivered to the deepest layers of the skin |
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Term
| intramuscular (IM) injection |
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Definition
| delivers medication into specific muscles |
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Term
| Intravenous (IV) medications and fluids |
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Definition
| administered directly into the bloodstream and are immediately available for use by the body. Used when a very rapid onset of action is desired |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of drug movement throughout the body. Describes how the body handles medications |
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Term
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Definition
| process involving the movement of a substance from its site of administration, across body membranes, to circulating fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the transport of pharmacologic agents throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction for certain medications |
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Term
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Definition
| too large to cross capillary membranes |
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Term
| metabolism (biotransformation) |
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Definition
| process of chemically converting a drug to a form that is usually more easily removed from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| side chains making the drugs more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| increased metabolic activity in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| when drugs are removed from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| when some drugs are excreted in the bile |
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Term
| minimum effective concentration |
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Definition
| the amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the plasma drug concentration Between the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as the length of time required for the plasma concentration of a medication to decrease by half after administration |
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Term
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Definition
| a higher amount of drug, often given only once or twice, that is administered to "prime" the bloodstream with a level sufficient to quickly induce a therapeutic response |
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Term
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Definition
| are given to keep the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range |
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Term
| the four components of pharmacokinetics |
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Definition
| absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to how a medicine changes the body. The branche of pharmacology concerned with the mechanisms of drug action and the relationships between drug concentration and responses in the body |
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Term
| frequency distribution curve |
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Definition
| graphical representation of the number of clients responding to a drug action at different doses |
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Term
| median effective dose (ED 50) |
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Definition
| the dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of clients |
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Term
| median lethal dose (LD 50) |
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Definition
| the dose of drug that will be lethal in 50% of a group of animals. Determined in preclinical trials as part of the drug development process |
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Term
| therapeutic index (TD 50) |
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Definition
| the dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of clients |
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Term
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Definition
| the magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug |
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Term
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Definition
| explains the mechanisms by which most drugs produce their effects |
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Term
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Definition
| drug that produces the same type of response as the endogenous substance |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a medication that produces a weaker, or less efficacious, response than an agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that will occupy a receptor and prevent the endogenous chemical from acting |
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Term
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Definition
| unpredictable and unexplained drug reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of pharmacology that examines the role of heredity in drug response |
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Term
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Definition
| an ongoing process that begins with the nurse's initial contact with the client and continues with every interaction thereafter |
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Term
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Definition
| what will be used to compare to information obtained during later interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| what the client says or perceives |
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Term
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Definition
| gathered through physical assessment, laboratory tests, and other diagnostic sources |
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Term
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Definition
| provide the basis for establishing goals and outcomes, planning interventions, and evaluating the effectiveness of the care given |
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Term
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Definition
| established on what the client will be able to do or achieve |
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Term
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Definition
| the objective measures of goals. Specifically define what the client will do, under what circumstances, and within a specified time frame |
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Term
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Definition
| links strategies, or interventions, to the established goals and outcomes. The formal written process that communicates with all members of the healthcare team what the nurse will do to assist the client in meeting those goals |
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Term
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Definition
| term that characterizes the progressive increase in physical (bodily) size |
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Term
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Definition
| a related term that refers to the functional changes in the physical, psychomotor, and cognitive capabilities of a living being |
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Term
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Definition
| the time from conception to birth. It is subdevided into the embryonic period (conception to 8 weeks) and the fetal period (8 to 40 weeks or birth) |
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Term
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Definition
| drug or other agent that causes developmental birth defects |
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Term
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Definition
| the period from birth to 12 months of age |
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Term
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Definition
| the age period from 1 to 3 years |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| age between 6 and 12 years of age |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between ages 13 and 16 years |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the taking of multiple drugs concurrently |
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Term
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Definition
| viewing a person as an integrated biological, psychosocial, cultural, communicating whole, existing and functioning within the communal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the science that deals with normal and abnormal mental processes and their impact on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| studies human behavior within the context of groups and societies |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporates the capacity to love, to convey compassion and empathy, to give and forgive, to enjoy life, and to find peace of mind and fulfillment in living |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to people having a common history and similar genetic heritage |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of beliefs, values, religious rituals, and customs shared by a group of people |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in enzyme structure and function due to mutation of the encoding gene |
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Term
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Definition
| ethical obligation to not harm the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| ethical principle of doing good |
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Term
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Definition
| any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare provider, patient, or consumer |
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Term
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Definition
| categorization of medication errors according to the extent of the harm an error can cause |
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Term
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Definition
| legislation designed to protect the public by defining the legal scope of practice of nurses |
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Term
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Definition
| the skills and learning commonly possessed by members of a profession |
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Term
| reasonable and prudent action |
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Definition
| defines the standard of care as the actions that a reasonable and prudent nurse with equivalent preparation would do under similar circumstances |
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Term
| medication administration record (MAR) |
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Definition
| documentation of all pharmacotherapies received by the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| system of reducing medication errors by modifying policies and procedures within the institution |
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Term
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Definition
| plant extract used to treat or prevent illness |
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Term
| complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) |
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Definition
| treatments that consider the health of the whole person and promote disease prevention |
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Term
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Definition
| nondrug substance regulated by the DSHEA |
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Term
| dietary supplement health and education act of 1994 (DSHEA) |
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Definition
| primary law in the U.S. regulating herb and dietary supplements |
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Term
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Definition
| plant with a soft stem that is used for healing or as a seasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| nonherbal dietary product used to enhance a wide variety of body functions |
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Term
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Definition
| the continued use of a substance despite its negative health and social consequences |
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Term
| attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| disorder typically diagnosed in childhood and adolescence characterized by hyperactivity as well as attention, organization, and behavior control issues |
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Term
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Definition
| major class of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which tolerance to one drug makes the patient tolerant to another drug |
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Term
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Definition
| substance produced in a laboratory and intended to mimic the effects of another psychoactive controlled substance |
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Term
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Definition
| substance obtained from the unripe seeds of the poppy plant; natural or synthetic morhinelike substance |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that alters perception and reality |
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Term
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Definition
| intensive craving for a drug that drives people to continue drug use |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the brain affecting awareness and wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that depresses the CNS to cause drowsiness or sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| self-administration of a drug that does not conform to the medical or social norms within the patient's given culture or society |
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Term
| tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) |
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Definition
| the active chemical in marijuana |
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Term
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Definition
| process of adapting to a drug over a period of time and subsequently requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms that result when a patient discontinues taking a substance on which he or she was dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| life-threatening symptoms resulting from acute exposure to ionizing radiation, including nausea, vomiting, severe leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and alopecia |
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Term
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Definition
| micoorganism that can cause severe disease and high mortality in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional use of infectious biological agents, chemical substances, or radiation to cause widespread harm or illness |
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Term
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Definition
| radiation that is highly penetrating and can cause serious biological effects |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical used in warfare or by bioterrorists that can affect the central nervous system and cause death |
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Term
| strategic national stockpile (SNS) |
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Definition
| program designed to ensure the immediate deployment of essential medical materials to a community in the event of a large-scale chemical or biological attack |
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Term
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Definition
| biological material that confers protection against infection; preparation of microorganism particles that is injected into a patient to stimulate the immune system, with intention of preventing disease |
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Term
| vendor management inventory (VMI) |
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Definition
| supplies and pharmaceuticals that are shipped after a chemical or biological threat has been identified |
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Term
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Definition
| primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system; also present at somatic neuromuscular junctions and at sympathetic preganglionic nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that degrades acetycholine within the synaptic cleft, enhancing effects of the neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| relating to nerves that release norepinephrine or epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| type of subreceptor found in the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| drug that blocks the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the peripheral nervous system that governs involuntary actions of the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| type of subreceptor found in the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| class of agents secreted in response to stress that include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| relating to nerves that release acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic set of signs and symptoms produced when the sympathetic nervous system is activated |
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Term
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Definition
| connection that occurs outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that destroys norepinephrine in the nerve terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| type of cholinergic receptor found in smooth muscle,cardiac muscle, and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| motor disorder caused by a destruction of nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles and characterized by profound muscular fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| type of cholinergic receptor found in ganglia of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| primary neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| portion of the autonimic nervous system that is active during periods of rest and that results in the rest or relaxation response |
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Term
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Definition
| drug that mimics the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| division of the nervous system containing all nervous tissue outside the CNS, including the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the nerve on the other side of the ganglionic synapse, waiting to receive impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| the nerve carrying the impulse exiting the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| sings and symptoms produced when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve division that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| portion of the autonomic system that is active during periods of stress and results in the fight-or-flight response |
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Term
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Definition
| drug that stimulates or mimics the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for adrenergic antagonists |
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Term
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Definition
| junction between two neurons consisting of a presynaptic nerve, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a neurotransmitter reaches receptors to regenerate the action potential |
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