Term
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Definition
| A semi permeable barrier which selects which substances pass from the maternal bloodstream to the fetal bloodstream |
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Term
| What is the effect of Alcohol on an unborn fetus? |
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Definition
Infants born to alcoholic mothers demonstrate prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, mental retardation, and other malformations.
Even moderate alcohol consumption consisting of 2 to 3 oz. of hard liquor per day may produce the fetal alcohol effects. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Nicotine on an unborn fetus? |
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Definition
| Nicotine does not produce congenital malformations but nicotine does have a effect on fetal growth. Maternal smoking is a well-established cause of intrauterine growth restriction. Heavy cigarette smokers were also more likely to have a premature delivery. Nicotine constricts uterine blood vessels and causes decreased uterine blood flow thereby decreasing the supply of oxygen and nutrients available to the embryo. This compromises cell growth and may have an adverse effect on mental development. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Tetracycline on an unborn fetus? |
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Definition
Tetracycline, the type of antibiotic, can cross the placental membrane and is deposited in the embryo in bones and teeth. Tetracycline exposure can result in yellow staining of the primary or deciduous teeth and diminished growth of the long bones.
Tetracycline exposure after birth has similar effects. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Retinoic acid or Vitamin A derivatives on an unborn fetus? |
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Definition
| Even at very low doses, oral medications such as isotretinoin, used in the treatment of acne, are potent teratogens. The critical period of exposure appears to be from the second to the fifth week of gestation. The most common malformations include craniofacial dysmorphisms, cleft palate, thymic aplasia, and neural tube defects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teratogen which causes structural abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| Teratogen which causes changes in body chemistry |
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Term
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Definition
Sedative used in the late 1950s to reduce morning sickness
Caused Phocomelia- Flipper Limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Non steroidal estrogen given to pregnant women in the mistaken belief that it would reduce pregnancy complications and miscarriages.
Women who were given the drug while pregnant were shown to be at a higher risk for breast cancer and breast cancer mortality.
In 1971, DES was shown to cause a rare vaginal tumor in girls and women who had been exposed to the drug in utero. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Caffeine on an unborn fetus? |
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Definition
| Excessive caffeine consumption can raise the risk of miscarriage |
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Term
| What is the effect of Accutane on an unborn fetus? |
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Definition
Isotretinoin (Accutane) is a teratogen and is highly likely to cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy.
A few of the more common birth defects this drug can cause are hearing and visual impairment, missing or malformed earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation.
Accutane is classified as an FDA category X |
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Term
Factors that influence the effect of drugs on the fetus:
Timing |
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Definition
Early in pregnancy vs. late in pregnancy-
Critical period of development |
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Term
Factors that influence the effect of drugs on the fetus:
Dosage |
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Definition
Lower dosage= Less effects
Higher dosage= More serious effects to the fetus |
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Term
Factors that influence the effect of drugs on the fetus:
Duration |
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Definition
| The longer the drug is used, the greater the accumulation of the drug in the body over time, and the greater the teratogenic potential |
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Term
Factors that influence the effect of drugs on the fetus:
Metabolism |
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Definition
3rd Trimester- Liver metabolism is established in the fetus
Early pregnancy- Metabolism is not able to fully clear the drug from the fetus |
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Term
Factors that influence the effect of drugs on the fetus:
Placental transport |
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Definition
| Passing Oxygen and nutrients to the fetus- blocks larger molecules, cannot block smaller molecules, small teratogens may slip through |
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Term
FDA Pregnancy Categories for Drugs:
Category A |
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Definition
Drugs that have been proven safe to use during pregnancy
(Penicillin) |
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Term
FDA Pregnancy Categories for Drugs:
Category B |
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Definition
| Animal data shows that there is no teratogenic potential, but there is no well controlled human data to show whether or not it has a teratogenic potential on humans. |
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Term
FDA Pregnancy Categories for Drugs:
Category C |
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Definition
| Animal studies have shown teratogenic potential, but there is no well controlled human data |
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Term
FDA Pregnancy Categories for Drugs:
Category D |
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Definition
Drugs that have demonstrated human teratogenic potential, but can still be used if benefits to the mother outweigh the risk to the fetus.
(Tetracycline) |
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Term
FDA Pregnancy Categories for Drugs:
Category X |
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Definition
Drug demonstrates human teratogenic potential and the risk to the fetus far outweighs the benefit to the mother
(Accutane) |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that will selectively block pain but won't interfere with coherency and other functions |
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Term
| What is the difference between Acute pain and Chronic pain? |
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Definition
Acute pain is pain within one area of the body, ie. a headache
Chronic pain is radiating pain throughout the body that continues to happen (arthritis) |
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Term
Classifications of Somatic pain:
(muskuloskeletal) |
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Definition
a. Bones and muscle
b. Well defined and sharp pain
c. Usually use OTC Analgesics to treat |
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Term
Classifications of Visceral Pain
(Internal) |
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Definition
a. Heart, stomach
b. Diffuse, all over pain, no specific point
c. Constant, debilitating pain
d. Usually not responsive to OTC analgesics |
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Term
| What type of pain medication would you use to treat mild to moderate pain which can be tolerated but is not pleasant? |
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Definition
| Generally, OTC medications would be used |
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Term
| What type of pain medication would be used for moderate to intense pain that is not easily tolerated? |
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Definition
Usually treated with Rx, usually narcotics
Usually requires professional treatment from a doctor |
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Term
| Define the symptoms of Reyes Syndrome: |
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Definition
Complication found only in children and teenagers, thought to be related to the consumption of Asprin.
Symptoms are: Severe vomitting, delirium, coma, liver damage, death
Occurrs around 16 years of age |
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Term
What is an antipyretic?
Pyro=heat |
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Definition
Decreases fever
Dosage 600-1000mg to get a plateau effect |
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Term
| What are the clinical uses for Asprin? |
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Definition
Analgesic (pain reliever) most common use
Antipyretic (fever reducer)
Anti-inflammatory
To prevent or treat heart attacks |
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Term
| What are the possible side effects of Asprin? |
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Definition
Can cause gastrointestinal irritation, not good to take if you have ulcers
Can cause chronic bleeding, causes blood not to clot correctly
Can cause Reyes syndrome |
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Term
| Why is acetominophen a good alternative to asprin? |
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Definition
No GI Problems
No clotting problems
No Reyes syndrome
Is a possibility for liver problems |
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Term
| What are the possible side effects of Ibuprofen? |
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Definition
Can cause GI irritation
Has some anti-clotting effects
Not associated with Reyes syndrome
Can cause Kidney problems |
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Term
| What are the clinical uses for Ibuprofen? |
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Definition
Analgesic (pain killer)
Antipyretic (fever reducer)
Anti-inflammatory |
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Term
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Definition
Large molecules in water solution
Purpose is to hydrate
(Glycerine) |
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Term
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Definition
An Oil or Occlusive (barrier to water)
Purpose is to retain/protect against water or it's contents
(Petrolatum) |
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Term
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Definition
Removes the keratin layer, promotes peeling of the outer keratin layer of skin.
Wart remover
Acne medicines (Salicylic acid, benzoyl) |
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Term
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Definition
Shrinks cells and tightens skin
Anti-wrinkle cremes, deoderants, and hemorrhoid ointment |
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Term
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Definition
Signals released in the body to signal pain (when you hit your hand)
Causes pain, inflammation, fever (increase in body temp) |
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Term
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Definition
| Male hormone that initiates acne |
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Term
| What is the difference between sebaceous glands and sweat glands? |
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Definition
Sebaceous glands secrete oil sebum.
-Associated principally with the hair follicles
-Tends to come out in parts of the body where there is a lot of hair
-Lubricates the skin and protects it against water loss
Sweat glands secrete watery substances vs. oily
-Eccrine: Contains a lot of salt and minerals
- Can secrete fairly large quantities
- Not associated with hair follicles, can come from anywhere on the body
Apicrine- milky secretion |
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Term
| What is the difference between Bactericidal and Bacteristatic? |
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Definition
Bactericidal kills bacteria. It is faster and more effective than static.
Bacteristatic doesn't kill, but stops growth. Slower acting and more dependent on natural immune system |
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Term
| Difference between Narrow spectrum and broad spectrum? |
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Definition
Narrow spectrum- medications that are only effective against a few species of bacteria
Broad spectrum- medications that are effective against a lot of species of bacteria |
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