Term
| __ and __ are critical for growth and development during puberty. |
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Definition
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Term
| __, __, and ___ are essential for reproduction. |
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Definition
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone |
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Term
| GnRH stands for __ __ __ and is made by cells in the ___ __ and __ __ of the ___. |
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Definition
- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
- arcuate nuclei and preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| The __ __ and __ __ of the hypothalamus make GnRH. |
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Definition
| - arcuate nuclei and preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| GnRH stimulates the ___ to release ___ and ___, which in turn stimulate the gonads to release __ __. |
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Definition
- pituitary
- FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
- LH (luteinizing hormone)
- sex steroids |
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Term
| The ovary is made up of ___ cells and ___ cells . FSH acts on the ___, while LH acts on the ___. |
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Definition
- granulosa cells and theca cells
- granulosa cells
- theca cells |
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Term
| In females FSH stimulates the __ __ and __ __. |
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Definition
- immature follicle
- estrogen synthesis |
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Term
| In females __/__ surge at ovulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The corpus luteum secretes ___ for implantation. This role is later taken over by the placenta. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once implantation occurs, ___ __ ___ directs __ and __ production. |
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Definition
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| hCG is very similar to ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| If girl does NOT get pregnant and their is no implantation, progesterone and estrogen production is driven by __ in the __ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Testes are made up of ___ cells that make growth factors and ___ cells that make testosterone. |
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Definition
- Sertoli cells > growth factors
- Leydig cells > testosterone |
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Term
| In men, FSH acts on the __ __ of the testes, while LH acts on the __ __. |
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Definition
- FSH > sertoli cells
- LH> Leydig cells |
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Term
| So is LH or FSH responsible for testosterone production? |
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Definition
| - LH by acting on the Leydig cells |
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Term
| In women, ___ from the ovaries has negative feedback on the ___ and __ thus inhibiting production of ___ , __, and ___. |
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Definition
- estrogen
- hypothalamus and pituitary
- GnRH, FSH, and LH |
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Term
| In men, ___ has negative feedback on the __ and ___, thus inhibiting release of __, __, and __. |
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Definition
- testosterone
- hypothalamus and pituitary
- GnRH, FSH, and LH |
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Term
| GnRH release is stimulated by ___ and ___, but inhibited by __, ___, and __. |
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Definition
- stimulated by norepinephrine and pheromones
- inhibited by dopamine, endorphins, and stress |
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Term
| GnRH, FSH, and LH all have ___ ___ __ pattern. |
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Definition
| - pulsatile secretion complex pattern |
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Term
| LH and FSH secretion varies with age, time of day, and menstrual cycle in women. On average there are __ to __ bursts a day. Women have __ concentrations than men. __ is greater than ___, but they track together. |
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Definition
- 8 to 10
- higher
- LH is greater than FSH but they track together |
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Term
| LH and FSH are greater during the __ half of the menstrual cycle and peak sharply at ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 following conditions in females cause infertility. This infertility can be treated by ___ ___. |
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Definition
3 conditions:
- Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
- Obesity
- can be treated by STIMULATING OVULATION |
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Term
| To treat infertility in women ___ __ ___ can be done for assisted reproduction techniques. An example of this is ___ ____. |
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Definition
- controlled ovulation hyperstimulation
- in-vitro fertilization |
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Term
| To treat infertility in men, you can stimulate ____. Hypogonadal men need to be treated with ___ or __ and ___. You can also treat with intracytoplasmic injection into a mature oocyte. This requires __ sperm. |
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Definition
- spermatogenesis
- LH or hCG and FSH
- one |
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Term
| LH, hCG, and FSH can all be used to treat infertility in males and females. These hormones are given ___ or __ __. |
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Definition
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Term
FSH extracted and recombinant forms
LH (Lutropin)- recombinant, given with recombinant FSH
hCG extracted and recombinant forms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Side effects of pharmacotherapy with LH, FSH, and hCG: |
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Definition
- Ovarian overstimulation: ovarian enlargement that typically resolves
- Hyperstimulation syndrome: ovarian enlargement, rupture, hypovolemia, shock, arterial thromboembolism
- Multiple pregnancies: risk of pre-eclampsia, diabetes, pre-term labor
- increased risk for ovarian cancer
- gynecomastia in men |
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Term
|
Definition
- Gonadorelin
- Leuprolide |
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Term
| GnRH agonists like __ or ___ can be used to treat infertility in men and women. They are given in an __ __ and are administered __. This is expensive and requires 6 months of treatment in men. This is less likely to cause __ __ to be released. |
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Definition
- Gonadorelin or Leuprolide
- intravenous pump
- intermittently
- less likely to cause multiple ova to be released |
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Term
| GnRH agonists can be used for infertility. With long term use, these drugs suppress ___ formation. This can be useful for treating (3): |
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Definition
- gonadotropin
- endometriosis- suppression of cyclical hormone changes reduces symptoms
- uterine fibroids (causes reduction)
- precocious puberty (puberty too soon, use steroid gonadotropin or hCG) |
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Term
| To treat precocious puberty use __ or __ __. |
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Definition
- hCG
- steroidal gonadotropin
Do this b/c remember prolonged use of gonadotropin agonist suppresses release of gonadotropins. Also used for endometriosis and fibroids. |
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Term
| Besides infertiliy, what is the use of GnRH agonists in men? |
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Definition
| - prostate cancer (with androgen receptor antagonist to reduce testosterone levels) |
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Term
| The form of testosterone in the prostate is ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| To treat prostate cancer, use a __ __ and an __ __ __ like ___. These will reduce testosterone levels to hypogonadal levels within 2 weeks. |
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Definition
-GnRH agonist
- Androgen receptor antagonist/blocker like Flutamide |
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Term
|
Definition
| androgen antagonist (used in treatment of prostate cancer) |
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Term
| Androgen antagonists (3): |
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Definition
- Flutamide
- Spiranolactone: aldosterone competitive inhibitor
- Finasteride- reduces dihydrotestosterone production |
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Term
| Adverse Effects of GnRH agonists: |
|
Definition
- hot flashes
- sweating
- headaches
- decreased libido
- reduced bone density> osteoporosis
- depression
- vaginal dryness
- breast atrophy in women
- gynecomastia in men |
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Term
| Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are made in the __ ___ and ___. |
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Definition
- Leydig cells (95%)
- adrenals (5%) |
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Term
| Dihydrotestosterone is the major form of testosterone in the ___, ___ ___, and ___. |
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Definition
- prostate
- seminal vesicles
- epididymis |
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Term
| Androgens (various forms of testosterone) are given to replace/augment secretion in hypogonadal men. |
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Definition
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Term
| Androgen therapy is NOT useful for treating ___ or __ __ and is too risky to use for sports performance. |
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Definition
| - not good for anemia or catabolic states |
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Term
| forms of androgens available: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- masculinizes women
- synthetic agents: hepatic dysfunction and prostate hyperplasia
- Supraphysiological doses: azoospermia, decreased testicular size, hepatic failure/cancer, aggressiveness, psychosis |
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Term
| Androgen synthetic agents can cause ___ __ and ___ ___. |
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Definition
- hepatic dysfunction
- prostatic hyperplasia |
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