Term
| What is the definition of hypertension? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many americans suffer from hypertension? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the BP for prehypertension? |
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Definition
| Above 120/80 BP more than 2x in a row |
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Term
| What is the BP for stage 1 hypertension? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you properly measure BP? |
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Definition
Arm should be at level of heart |
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Term
| What is the major difference in treatment between stage 1 & prehypertension? |
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Definition
| Prehypertension: change lifestyle modification/secondary factors -> ↑ exercise, diet, ↓ salt (hard to regulate), ↓ stress, ↓ weight |
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Term
| Why did hypertension use to be called essential hypertension? |
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Definition
| Use to think that it had a function bc it was a normal occurance w age |
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Term
| What are the effects of ↑ BP/hypertension? |
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Definition
1) Damages blood vessels
2) Accelerates atherosclerosis
3) Produces L ventricle hypertrophy (↑ in volume) |
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Term
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Definition
| Thickening of the artery wall as the result of a build-up of fats such as cholesterol |
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Term
What are the layers of the BV?
[image] |
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Definition
1) SM
2) Endothelium/endothelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the most important factors that ↑ BP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the chronic syptoms associated with hypertension? 5 |
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Definition
- Congestive heart failure
- Ischemic heart disease (inadequate blood supply to the heart caused blockage of an artery) -> angina (chest pain)
- Myocardial infarction
- Renal damage ( ↑ BP -> scaring in nepron -> ↓ kidney function)
- Stroke |
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Term
| What are regular symptoms of hypertension when your younger? |
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Definition
Nothing, till you reach 50-60 yo |
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Term
| What is normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to GFR with age? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the GFR when you start to see problems? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the top 3 causes of death? |
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Definition
1) Cancer
2) Congestive heart failure
3) Stroke |
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Term
| What is systolic BP a measure of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is diastolic BP a measure of? |
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Definition
| When your heart is at rest |
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Term
What is the BP of a normal heart?
When is the follow up? |
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Definition
Less than 120/80
Every 2 years |
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Term
What is the BP of a pre-HTN (pre-hypertensive) heart?
When is the follow up? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the BP of a stage 1-HTN heart?
When is the follow up? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the BP of stage 2 HTN heart?
When is the follow up? |
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Definition
Greater than 160-100
1 week - 1 month |
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Term
| What are reykatriy systems designed to do? |
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Definition
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Term
What is an example of a regulatory system?
Where are these found? 2 |
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Definition
Baroreceptors
- Aortic arch
- Carotid artery |
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Term
| How do baroreceptors work in response to ↑ in BP? |
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Definition
- Stretch receptors
- ↑ BP -> stretch -> send signals to brain -> signal sypathetic nervous system to chill out |
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Term
| Wht signal do baroreceptors send when they stop stretching? |
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Definition
- Send signal to the brain to cranck up sympathetic outflow (fast response)
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Term
What type of response are baroreceptor signals?
What nervous system do baroreceptors effect? |
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Definition
FAST!!!
Sympathetic NS & aleviation of PS tone in the heart |
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Term
What is the slow response to BP?
What is this based on? |
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Definition
Renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system
Your body's set point: hormonal regulation |
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Term
| What are the 2 things used to determine BP? |
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Definition
- Cardiac output
- Peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
| What is cardiac output a function of? 2 |
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Definition
- Heart rate
- Stroke volume |
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Term
What is heart hate determined by?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What receptor type mediates HR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when you activate β1 receptors? 2 |
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Definition
- ↑ heart tempo(intrinsic pace) in pacemaker cells on SA node
- ↑ force of contraction
- ↑ stroke volume |
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Term
| What 3 things determine stroke volume? |
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Definition
- Contractility
- Preload (how much blood gets into the heart)
- Afterload (how much blood gets out of the heart) |
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Term
| What happens to the amount of blood in the heart if there is less afterload? |
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Definition
| More blood goes out of the heart |
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Term
| What is afterload a function of? |
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Definition
| Peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
| What is cardiac output dependent on? |
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Definition
- HR
- How much blood goes thru each pump <- how much goes in (filling pressure) + how much goes out (resistance) |
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Term
| What is the main mediator for peripheral vascular resistance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the receptor type on arterioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What controls the majority of your peripheral vascular resistance? |
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Definition
| Arteriole smooth muscle cells |
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Term
| What mediates (system) the peripheral vascular resistance? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Is there parasympathetic innervation of arterioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the quick response to peripheral vascular resistance? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What is the slow response to peripheral vascular resistance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does angiotensis II do to SM cells? |
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Definition
| Causes them to contract & proliferate -> ↑ strength of vascular wall (↑ tone) -> ↓ compliance (not able to relax as easy) |
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Term
| What is the slow system mediated by? |
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Definition
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Term
What is renin production driven by?
What happens to renin production as BP ↓? |
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Definition
- BP
Renin production goes up (controlled by CNS activating B1 in the kidney from sympathetic nervous system ) |
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Term
| What happens as a result of activation of the nervous system in the absence of activity? |
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Definition
↑ renin production (bad stress) |
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Term
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Definition
| Angiotensinogen -> Angiotensin I |
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Term
| What cleaves angiotensin I? |
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Definition
Angiotensis converting enzyme
Angiotensin I -> Angiotensin II |
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Term
| What drives the synthesis of aldosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drives the conservation of sodium & water in the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the mechanisms used to regulate BP usually effect BP? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the primary responsed when drugs are used to modulate hyper tension?
What is the sympathetic response to decreased BP? |
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Definition
1) ↑ sympathetic activity (fast response)
2) ↓ renal blood flow (slow response)
1) ↑ sympthetic activity ->
A) Activation of B1 receptors in heart ->↑ cardiac output
B) Activation of A1 receptors on SM -> ↑ peripheral resistance
-> ↑ BP |
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Term
What is more effective in regulating BP: NE or E?
Why? |
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Definition
NE
Don't have as much B2 activity (dilates large vein -> drop in diastolic BP) |
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