Term
| Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved with Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, Depression, and Nausea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved with Depression Schizophrenia, Migraines, and Nausea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is involved in Depression and ADHD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is involved with Anxiety, Insomnia, and Seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is involved primarily with Alzheimer's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are NOT monoamines?
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin (5-HT)
GABA
Glutamate |
|
Definition
GABA
Glutamate
Those are Amino Acids |
|
|
Term
| In regards to Dopamine, generally pharmaceutical drugs help (antagonize/agonize) dopamine receptors to treat Schizophrenia, and (antagonize/agonize) dopamine receptors to treat Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. All Dopamine receptors are G-protein coupled receptors and are divided into 5 subtypes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dysfunction with these two neurotransmitters can contribute to Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overstimulation of dopamine receptors in which two parts of the brain can lead to psychosis/Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hallucination, Delusions, and Agitation are 1.(Negative/Positive) symptoms of Schizophrenia, while Interpersonal withdrawal, loss of drive, and flattened affect are 2. (Negative/Positive) symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haldol (haloperidol) used to treat Schizophrenia, MOA? |
|
Definition
| Binds to and blocks dopamine receptors in all central dopamine pathways |
|
|
Term
| T/F/ Haldol (haloperidol) alleviates negative symptoms (interpersonal withdrawal, loss of drive, flattened affect, but does NOT affect positive symptoms? |
|
Definition
| False. Haldol alleviates positive symptoms but provides NO effect on negative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Haldol (haloperidol) is (Typical/Atypical) Antipsychotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dystonia, Akinisia, Tardive dyskinesia, and Parkinsonism are all side effects of what types of antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Typical/Atypical) Antipsychotics promote extrapyramidal side effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haldol cross reacts with muscarinic receptors and can causes which adverse effects? There are 4. |
|
Definition
Anti-SLUD
1. Dry mouth
2. Constipation
3. Difficulty Urinating
4. Orthostatic Hypotension |
|
|
Term
| Typical Antipsychotics can lead to amenorrhea, false pregnancy test, gynecomastia, decrease libido, and increase prolactin secretion through interaction with this gland in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F/ Atypical antipsychotics are more selective to dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways than typical antiphsychotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fewer extrapyramidal sides effects of atypical antipsychotics are a direct result of reduced occupancy of which sub-class of dopamine receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Atypical Antipsychotics alleviate both positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| True. "Less to no tar dive dyskinesia" |
|
|
Term
| List Adverse Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics? There are 6. |
|
Definition
1. Weight Gain
2. Hyperglycemia
3. Somnolence
4. Elevated blood prolactin
5. Elevated triglycerides
6. Elevated Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Typical and Atypical antipsychotics doses can vary, dependent on each patient, in order to obtain maximum effect, while trying to minimize side effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 6 Atypical Antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Quetiapine (Seroquel)
Abilify (Aripiprazole)
Latuda (Lurasidone)
Clozapine (Clozaril) - Rarely used - Black box warning for agranulocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the Mnemonic for Atyical Antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
"It's really effin' ATYPICAL to be COL (cool) on the RAQ"
or
Rich Queens Are Clumsy Old Liberals
C-Clozapine
O-Olanzapine
L-Lurasidone
R-Risperidone
A-Aripiprazole
Q-Quetiapine |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 typical Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Thorazine (Chlorpromazine)
Haldol (Haloperiodol) |
|
|
Term
| Aripiprazole (Abilify), MOA? |
|
Definition
| Partial agonist activity at dopamine and serotonin (5HT, 1A) receptors and antagonist activity at the 5-HT, 2A receptors. |
|
|
Term
| _______ is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia, bi-polar disorder, and depression given its partial agonist activity on dopamine and serotonin 1A receptors, while antagonizing serontonin 2A receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Practitioners with patients whom take atypical antipsychotics must be cautious when prescribing what types of medications? |
|
Definition
CNS Depressants, i.e. Benzo, opiates, ethanol, antihistamines
"The worst thing you can do is mix CNS depressants" |
|
|
Term
| Patients taking Olazapine (Zyprexa) are 10 times more likely to develop or exacerbate what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You may need to obtain a medical consult for a patient taking atypical antipyschotics because of this cardiac condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ Disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the pathological reduction of dopamine neurotransmission in the caudate putamen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is characterized by a reduction in a sense of smell, resting tremors, postural instability, ridigidty, cholinergic hyperactivity, and dementia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F 80% of dopamine is gone before symptoms of Parkinsons appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme is typically present in the substantial nigra, but is reduced in Parkinsons patients? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine hydroxylase or Neuromelanin |
|
|
Term
| Which two neurotransmitter ratio is altered or "off balance" in parkinsons patients? |
|
Definition
| Dopamine and Acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| Goals of therapy for Parkinson patients are to increase supply of ___1___, and suppress __2___ actions? |
|
Definition
1. Dopamine
2. Acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| Azilect (rasagiline) and Anipryl (selegiline) function to treat Parkinsons by which mechanism? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit Dopamine metabolism (MAO-a inhibitor) |
|
|
Term
| Comtan (entacapone) and Tasmar (tolcapone) function to treat Parkinson disease by? MOA? |
|
Definition
| Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor of Dopamine metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Azilect (rasaGILINE)
Anipryl (seleGILINE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Comtan (entaCAPONE)
Tasmar (tolCAPONE) |
|
|
Term
| _____ have significant drug interactions with demerol (meperidine), Dolophine (methadone), Ultram (tramadol), dextromethorphan, Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin Syndrome, an excess central and peripheral serotonergic activity is associated with which class of drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. A patient taking selegiline, a MAO inhibitor, may be predisposed to hypertensive episodes with use of vasoconstrictors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Dopamine can be given intravenously or orally to help treat Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
| False, Dopamine does not cross the blood brain barrier. Levodopa can. |
|
|
Term
| T/F 100% of Levodopa is metabolized by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase to dopamine in the CNS? |
|
Definition
| False, levodopa is also metabolized in the GI tract and peripheral tissues, before reaching the brain. |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Sinemet (Levodopa/Carbidopa) is used to treat restless leg syndrome and prevents L-dopa from crossing the blood brain barrier. |
|
Definition
| False, Carbidopa actually helps inhibit levodopa metabolism in the periphery, allowing for higher levels to get to the brain. |
|
|
Term
| _____ has side effects of inflammation, damage to oral structures, movement of anterior teeth, abnormal involuntary movements of the orofacial muscles, difficulty wearing dentures, and dry mouth? |
|
Definition
| Carbidopa/Levodopa = Sinemet |
|
|
Term
| Does Selegiline and Rasagiline work in the periphery or the CNS to prevent dopamine metabolism? |
|
Definition
CNS (Brain)
COMT inhibitors work in the periphery and the CNS |
|
|
Term
| _____ a potent D2,3 receptor agonist is associated with compulsive behavior, spending sprees, and gambling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ a potent D3,2,4 receptor agonist is associated with compulsive behavior, spending sprees, and gambling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 classes of drugs are used to treat Parkinsons? |
|
Definition
Drugs that increase dopamine
Anticholinergics
For cholinergic hyperactivity
Antidepressants
Atypical Antipsychotics
For adverse effects from dopamine |
|
|
Term
| A patient presents with a 2 week period of mood changes, loss of all interest and please, fatigue, self reproach or guilt, poor concentration, thoughts of death and suicide, appetite loss, sleep disturbance, and activity disturbances. This is a classic presentation of what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monoamine Hypothesis suggest depression results from pathologically decreased _______ and/or _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. MAO inhibitors are used to treat depression by inhibitor serotonin degradation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SSRI's and SNRI treat depression by what mechanism? |
|
Definition
| Prevents reuptake of seotonin and/or norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| _____ is a MAOi used to treat depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diet restriction should be considered for someone taking an MAOi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of medications are contraindicated when taking MAOi's due to the risk of serotonin syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Reuptake Inhibitors (Tramadol) |
|
|
Term
Which one of the following foods does not contain Tyramine?
Yogurt
Chocolate
Avocados
Beer
Ripe Banana
Smoked Meat
Aged Cheese
Red Wine
Potatoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eating tyramine while taking an MAOi can cause what changes systemically? |
|
Definition
| Increase in blood pressure, potential for hemorrhagic stroke |
|
|
Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants MOA? |
|
Definition
| Inhibitor the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Elavil (amitriptyline) is a ___class_____ that is used to treat _____? |
|
Definition
Tricyclic Antidepressant or SNRI
Depression |
|
|
Term
| Elavil (amitriptyline) is an SNRI that also can antagonize what two receptors? |
|
Definition
Muscarinic
Alpha 1 adrenergic |
|
|
Term
| There are three listed Adverse effects for Elavil (amitriptyline) the TCA? Name them. |
|
Definition
Weight gain
Dry Mouth
Orthostatic hypotension |
|
|
Term
| What caution does a dentist need to consider when treating patients taking Elavil (amitriptyline)? |
|
Definition
| Local Anesthesia with epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| A patient who overdose on Elavil, a Tricyclic Antidepressant, show what cardiac signs? |
|
Definition
Arrhythmias
Myocardial infarctions |
|
|
Term
| What class of medication is Prozac (fluoxetine)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of medication is Zoloft (sertraline) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of medication is Paxil (paroxetine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of medication is Celexa (citalopram) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of medication is Lexapro (escitalopram) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F SSRI are only indicated for Depressoin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SSRI inhibitors acto where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major dental Adverse effects with SSRI's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caution should be exercised in prescribing _____ when a patient is taking an SSRI? |
|
Definition
Aspirin or NSAID
SSRI may impair platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| Strangely enough, SSRI used to treat depression carry a risk of _______, as compared to TCA's, where TCA's have potential cardiac risk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cymbalta (Duloxetine) is a _____ that is used to treat neuropathic pain and depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Welbutrin (bupropion) is a _____ that is used to treat nicotine withdrawal? |
|
Definition
| Dopamine-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Dental Adverse effect for SNRI is mainly _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effexor (Venlafaxine) is an example of an ____ used to treat ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pristiq (desvenlafaxine) is a (what class) of medication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Welbutrin (bupropion) blocks serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNRI adverse effects and cautions are similar to what other class of medication? |
|
Definition
| SSRI - Use caution with epinephrine and NSAIDs or aspirin |
|
|
Term
| Trazodone a serotonin antagonist - SARI - is used for depression that causes sleep disturbances, and has a major adverse effect of ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remeron (mirtazapine) is an atypical antidepressant that works by ______ (two functions) |
|
Definition
Serotonin receptor antagonist
A2 receptor inverse agonist |
|
|
Term
| Viibryd (vilazodone) is an atypical antidepressant that has to function at the synaptic terminal, what are they? |
|
Definition
SSRI
5Ht1a receptor partial agonist |
|
|
Term
| ____ receptors are typically target to reduce stress, seizures, sedation, or anxiety? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These receptors are the main inhibitory signaling system in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gabatril (tiagabine) MOA? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits GAT-1 (GABA Transporter-1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits GABA transaminase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase GABA efficacy, weak agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA (A or B) receptor is post synaptic, while (A or B) is presynaptic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agonizing GABAa receptors results in ____ of the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medications with the suffix -pam or -lam, such as diazepam or medazolam are considered what type of drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines overdose is uncommon unless.....? |
|
Definition
| Combined with another CNS depressant |
|
|
Term
| Drug interactions with Benzodiazepines include these 3 primary drugs? |
|
Definition
| Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azoles. |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Lioresal (Baclofen) is used for the treatment of spastic movement disorders because its is a GabaB agonist. It is also used to treat Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| False. It is not recommended for stroke or Parkinson's disease |
|
|
Term
| Are NSAIDS (competitive/noncompetitive) COX inhibitors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspirin acytelates which residue in the the COX active site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pain medications should patients on anticoagulants avoid using? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pain medications should patients on anticoagulants avoid using? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of neurotransmitters can be made and released by a single neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of neurotransmitter are epinephrine, histamine, dopamine, and serotonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Opiods like enkephalin, endorphins, and dynorphins are amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Acetylcholine is a monoamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Dopamine is an ANS neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selective alpha adrenergic receptors agonist include used to treat ADHD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strattera (atomoxetine) is different from Adderall and Ritalin in regards to Norepinephrine because ____? They are all used to treat ADHD. |
|
Definition
| It does not stimulate more production of NE, it inhibits the reuptake. |
|
|
Term
| Provigil (modafinil) MOA? |
|
Definition
| A1 agonist, dopaine reuptake inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| This drug is indicated for treatment of narcolepsy and shift work disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MOA of Catapres (clonidine)? |
|
Definition
| A2 inverse agonist, inhibiting sympathetic outflow to the body and alpha receptor sin blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Proventil (albuterol) MOA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serevent (salmeterol) MOA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Albuterol is a ____ acting drug, while _____ is a long acting and usually combined with a corticosteroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hytrin (terazosin), Cardura (doxazosin), and minipress (prazosin) all have what MOA? |
|
Definition
| Alpha adrenergic receptor antagonists for hypertension. |
|
|
Term
| ___ blocks a1A and a1D receptors found only in the prostate gland for treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B1 blocker is non-selective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-selective or Selective beta blockers tend to have more issues with blood pressures rises? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dental Adverse effects for B blockers? (3) |
|
Definition
Altered taste
Lichenoid reactions
Orthostatic hypotension |
|
|
Term
| Primarily used for congestive heart failure this drug is an antagonist at the B1 and a1 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholinesterase inhibitors are primarily used to treat what three diseases? |
|
Definition
Alzheimers
Glaucoma
Myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
| Aricept (donepezil) is used to treat ______, by (MOA)? |
|
Definition
Alzheimers
Acetylecholinesterase Inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Exelon (rivatigmine) is used to treat ___? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostigmin (neostigmine) and Mestinon (pyridostigmine) are used to treat ____? |
|
Definition
| Glaucoma/Myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
| Salagen (pilocarpine) and Evoxac (cevimeline), direct acting muscarinic receptor agonist should be used in caution in patients with ____ and ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chantix (varenicline is a partial agonist at ____ receptors? |
|
Definition
| a4b2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors |
|
|
Term
| Welbutrin/zyban (buproprion) is used to treat nicotine dependance by ? MOA? |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibiotr |
|
|
Term
| This drug works by blocking secretory synaptic vesicle fusion at the axon terminal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug class is contraindicated in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient is suffering severe bradycardia you should administer what drug for this emergency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-selectective muscarinic receptor antagonist. |
|
|
Term
| Atrovent (Ipratropium) and tiotropium (Spiriva) are what drug class? |
|
Definition
| Antimuscarinic (cholinergic antagonist) |
|
|
Term
| This drug is used for eye exams? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Enablex (darifenacin)
Detrol (tolterodine)
Toviaz (fesoterodine)
are all used to treat what? |
|
Definition
| Urinary incontinence: antispasmodics |
|
|
Term
| Anticholinergic effects are potentiated by _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Baclofen (a GABAb agonist is recommend as an antispasmodic for Parkinson's patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lunesta (eszopiclone) MOA? |
|
Definition
| GABAa receptor agonist, same as ambien |
|
|
